by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2020

Principality of Lippe: Originally called Lippe-Detmold, the Principality of Lippe came into existence in 1789 when it was raised from a County within the Holy Roman Empire to a Principality. Leopold I, Count of Lippe-Detmold became the first Prince of Lippe.

At the end of World War I, Leopold IV, the last Prince of Lippe, was forced to abdicate on November 12, 1918. However, Leopold negotiated a treaty with the new government that allowed his family to remain in Lippe. Today the territory that encompassed the Principality of Lippe is located in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Leopold IV, the last Prince of Lippe (Leopold Julius Bernhard Adalbert Otto Karl Gustav) was born Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld on May 30, 1871, in Oberkassel. Oberkassel was the seat of the counts and later princes of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1815, it was taken over by the Kingdom of Prussia and now Oberkassel is a district of the city of Bonn, Germany. Leopold was the eldest of the three sons and the second of the six children of Ernst, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld and Countess Karoline Friederike Cecilia of Wartensleben. Leopold’s father Ernst was the head of the non-reigning Lippe-Biesterfeld line of the House of Lippe, the most senior line of the princely house after the reigning Lippe-Detmold line.

Leopold had five siblings:

• Countess Adelheid (1870 – 1948) married Prince Friedrich Johann of Saxe-Meiningen, had six children, grandparents of Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of Crown Prince Otto of Austria
• Prince Bernhard (1872 – 1934), married Baroness Armgard von Cramm, had two sons including Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, husband of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands
• Prince Julius (1873 – 1952) married Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, had two children
• Princess Karola (1873 – 1958), unmarried
• Princess Mathilde (1875 – 1907), unmarried

Leopold began his education at the Klosterschule Roßleben (link in German), founded in 1554 and still in existence, in Roßleben, Kingdom of Prussia, now in the German state of Thuringia. For his secondary education, Leopold attended the Pädagogium Putbus (link in German) in Putbus, Kingdom of Prussia, now in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, graduating in 1891. From 1891 – 1894, Leopold served as an officer in the Imperial German Army. Leopold studied political science at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin from 1894 – 1895. At the University of Bonn, he became a member of the Corps Borussia, a German student association. In 1895, Leopold returned home because the Lippe succession dispute required his presence.

In 1895, the childless Woldemar, Prince of Lippe died and his unmarried, mentally incapacitated brother Alexander succeeded him as Prince of Lippe, with a regency. Since 1871, Alexander had been confined at the St. Gilgenberg Sanatorium, a private sanatorium for men with nervous and mental disorders, near Bayreuth, Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1890, Woldemar, Prince of Lippe issued a decree, ordering that it be kept secret until his death, appointing Prince Adolf of the reigning House of Schaumburg-Lippe, the brother-in-law of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia, as his brother’s regent. After the reigning Princes of Lippe, Lippe-Biesterfeld was the most senior line of the princely house followed by the Counts of Lippe-Weissenfeld and the Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe. According to the house law, Leopold’s father Ernst, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld was the heir and entitled to be the Regent of the Principality of Lippe.

Ernst, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld disputed the regency of Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe. The Lippe parliament confirmed Prince Adolf as regent but agreed, along with Prince Adolf, to submit to an arbitration decision. Due to the intervention of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia, there was intense interest in the Lippe succession dispute throughout Europe. The dispute also caused a temporary rift between Wilhelm II, who supported his brother-in-law Prince Adolf of Schaumberg-Lippe, and his Chancellor, Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, who supported Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld for legal reasons and also because of a family relationship. On June 22, 1897, the seven-member Court of Arbitration, comprised of King Albert of Saxony as President and six Judges of the Imperial Court, granted Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld the regency of the Principality of Lippe and the right to succeed Alexander, Prince of Lippe.

On August 16, 1901, in Rotenburg an der Fulda, Kingdom of Prussia, now in the German state of Hesse, Leopold married the first of two wives, Princess Bertha of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. Bertha was the daughter of Prince Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst of Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, a rear admiral in the Prussian and German Imperial Navy, and the second of four wives, Princess Juliane of Bentheim and Steinfurt.

Leopold and Bertha had five children:

• Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe (link in German) (1902 – 1987), married (1) Charlotte Ricken, divorced (2) Herta-Elise Weiland, had one son and one daughter
• Prince Leopold Bernhard of Lippe (1904 – 1965), unmarried
• Princess Karoline of Lippe (1905 – 2001), married Count Hans of Kanitz, had six daughters
• Prince Chlodwig of Lippe (1909 – 2000), married Veronika Holl, had one daughter
• Princess Sieglinde of Lippe (1915 – 2008), married Friedrich Carl Heldman, had two daughters and one son

Leopold’s father Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld died on September 26, 1904, and Leopold succeeded him as Regent of the Principality of Lippe. Four months later, Alexander, Prince of Lippe, the last of the Lippe-Detmold line, died on January 13, 1905. With the extinction of the Lippe-Detmold line, the throne of the Principality of Lippe went to Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld who reigned as Leopold IV and would be the last reigning Prince of Lippe.

During Leopold IV’s reign, there was much economic and cultural advancement. The major building projects provided much-needed employment for the people of Lippe. Christ Church in Detmold (link in German) was built in 1908 to accommodate the growing Protestant community which had outgrown the small Church of the Redeemer. It is the burial site of Leopold IV, his two wives, and most of their children.

In 1825, Leopold II, Prince of Lippe had built a theater and established a very successful theater company, the Lippe Princely Court Theater (Hochfürstliches Lippisches Hoftheater). In 1912, the original theater burned to the ground because of a damaged chimney. Leopold IV had the theater rebuilt during World War I, financed with donations from the Detmold citizens and funds from the Princely House. The rebuilt theater and the theater company is still in existence today. Now called the Landestheater Detmold, it is a theater for operas, operettas, musicals, ballets, and stage plays in Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

During World War I, Leopold upgraded the titles of some members of the House of Lippe. In 1916, Leopold’s nephews, sons of his brother Bernhard, were upgraded to the title Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld with the style Serene Highness. One of these nephews was Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld who would marry Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. The Counts of Lippe-Weissenfeld also were upgraded with the creations of the title Prince of Lippe-Weissenfeld and the style Serene Highness.

Following the German Empire’s defeat in World War I and the German Revolution of 1918-1919, Leopold IV was forced to renounce the throne on November 12, 1918, by the Lippe People’s and Soldiers’ Council. However, Leopold negotiated a treaty with the new government that allowed his family to remain in Lippe. Three months later, on February 19, 1919, Leopold’s wife Bertha died at the age of 44. She was buried at the Christ Church, one of her husband’s building projects, in Detmold, then in the new Weimar Republic, now in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

On April 26, 1922, in Büdingen, Germany, Leopold married Princess Anna of Ysenburg and Büdingen (1886–1980). Anna was the youngest of the eight children of Bruno, 3rd Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen and his second wife Countess Bertha of Castell-Rüdenhausen. Princess Anna had been married for three years to Count Ernst of Lippe-Weissenfeld until he was killed in action early in World War I on September 11, 1914.

The nine-year-old daughter of Anna and her first husband became Leopold’s stepdaughter:

• Princess Eleonore of Lippe-Weissenfeld (1913 – 1964), married and divorced Adolph Sweder Hubertus, Count of Rechteren-Limpurg, had two one son and one daughter

Leopold and Anna had one son:

• Armin, Prince of Lippe (1924 – 2015) married Traute Becker, had one son

During the rise of Nazism in Germany, all three of Leopold’s sons by his first wife Bertha became members of the Nazi Party. The eldest son the Hereditary Prince Ernst is reported to have been the first German prince to join the Nazi Party when he signed up in May 1928. Ernst’s brother Chlodwig joined the Nazi Party in 1931 and the other brother Leopold Bernhard joined in 1932. Hereditary Prince Ernst later became an SS-Major (Schutzstaffel Sturmbannführer) and held a high-ranking post in the SS Race and Settlement Main Office. The SS (Schutzstaffel) was the agency of security, surveillance, and terror in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. The SS Race and Settlement Main Office was responsible for safeguarding the racial purity of the SS within Nazi Germany. At the end of World War II, Hereditary Prince Ernst of Lippe was taken prisoner by the Allies and took part in the Nuremberg Trials as a witness. The denazification tribunal in the Detmold administrative district classified Ernst as a Lesser Offender, Category III. He was not imprisoned but rather placed on probation for two-three years with a list of restrictions.

In addition to being pro-Nazi, both Hereditary Prince Ernst and Prince Khlodwig had made unequal marriages. Due to these circumstances, Leopold rewrote his will in 1947, indicating that Armin, his only child with his second wife, would succeed him as the head of the House of Lippe and become the administrator of the princely family’s properties such as the Residenzschloss Detmold (link in German), thereby disinheriting all three of his sons from his first marriage.

Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe, aged 78, died on December 30, 1949, in Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He was buried with his first wife Bertha at the Christ Church in Detmold (link in German). Leopold’s second wife Anna survived him by thirty-one years, dying on February 8, 1980, in Detmold at the age of 94, and was also buried at Christ Church.

Leopold IV and Anna’s son Armin was head of the House of Lippe from 1949 until his death in 2015. Armin’s only child Stephan, Prince of Lippe (born 1959) succeeded him as head of the House of Lippe. Stephan married Countess Maria of Solms-Laubach and they had three sons and two daughters.

Lippe Resources at Unofficial Royalty

• Principality of Lippe Index
• Profiles: Princes and Consorts of Lippe
• Lippe Royal Burial Sites

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Works Cited

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• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Ernest, Count Of Lippe-Biesterfeld. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest,_Count_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld> [Accessed 13 October 2020].
• En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Leopold IV, Prince Of Lippe. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Prince_of_Lippe> [Accessed 13 October 2020].
• Mehl, Scott, 2018. Lippe Royal Burial Sites. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/former-monarchies/german-royals/principality-of-lippe/lippe-royal-burial-sites/> [Accessed 13 October 2020].
• Petropoulos, Jonathan, 2009. Royals And The Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press.