by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2021

Karl XI, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

Karl XI, King of Sweden was the only child of Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. He was born on December 4, 1655, at Tre Kronor Castle which was on the site of the present Royal Palace in Stockholm, Sweden. His paternal grandparents were Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Princess Katarina of Sweden, daughter of Karl IX, King of Sweden. His maternal grandparents were Friedrich III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Marie Elisabeth of Saxony.

Even before the birth of his son, Karl X Gustav was away on military campaigns and did not meet his son until December 1659. He died at the age of 37 on February 13, 1660, from influenza and pneumonia and his four-year-old son Karl became King of Sweden. Karl XI’s mother Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp served as Regent of Sweden until her son reached his majority.

Five-year-old Karl XI, King of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

In his will, Karl XI’s father had appointed Emund Gripenhielm (link in Swedish), a professor of history at Uppsala University who also held government positions including personal secretary to Karl X Gustav. The young king’s curriculum consisted of Latin, French, and German and also history, state law, geography, astronomy, and architecture. However, Karl XI did poorly in his studies. He had difficulty reading and writing but was good at memorization. Karl probably had dyslexia, a reading disorder characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence. In 1671, Karl began attending the meetings of the Council of State, and the following year, when he reached his majority, Karl was King of Sweden in his own right.

Italian philosopher, author, diplomat, and poet Lorenzo Magalotti visited Stockholm in 1674, he described the teenage Karl XI as “virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face.” Karl was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with foreign envoys since he was only fluent in German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden. Karl’s coronation was held on September 28, 1675. After 1680, Karl’s government spent most of its reign preventing new wars by engaging in foreign affairs, advocating economic stability, and reorganizing the military. The last twenty years of Karl’s reign was the longest period of peace during Sweden’s time as a great power.

Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, Queen of Sweden; Credit – Wikipedia

In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, a marriage between Karl XI and Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, daughter of Frederik III, King of Denmark, was on the agenda. Karl had previously been engaged to his cousin Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege. However, on two occasions after the engagement, Juliana became pregnant by two different men, and the engagement was eventually called off. Karl and Ulrika Eleonora were married on May 6, 1680, in Skottorp Castle in Skummeslöv, Halland, Sweden.

Karl XI and Ulrika Eleonora had seven children but only three survived childhood:

• Hedwig Sophia of Sweden (1681 – 1708), married her first cousin Friedrich IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, had one son, paternal grandparents of Peter III, Emperor of All Russia
• Karl XII, King of Sweden (1682 – 1718), unmarried
• Gustav of Sweden (1683 – 1685), died in early childhood
• Ulric of Sweden (1684 – 1685), died in infancy
• Fredrik of Sweden (born and died 1685), died in infancy
• Karl Gustav of Sweden (1686 – 1687)
• Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden (1688 – 1741), married Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel, later both Fredrik I, King of Sweden and Friedrich V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, no children Ulrika Eleonora succeeded her childless brother and two years later abdicated the Swedish throne in favor of her husband

Left to Right: Karls XI’s mother Hedwig Eleonora; Karl XI; his son the future Karl XII; his wife Ulrika Eleonora; his daughter Ulrika Eleonora; his son-in-law Friedrich IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp; the mother of Friedrich IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Fredrika Amalia of Denmark, Dowager Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp; and his daughter Hedwig Sofia; Credit – Wikipedia

The marriage of Karl XI and Ulrika Eleonora was considered a success but the couple had very different personalities. Karl was fond of physical activities like hunting and riding while Ulrika enjoyed reading and the fine arts. As Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora had limited political influence and was overshadowed by her mother-in-law. Even after her son married Ulrika Eleonora, Hedwig Eleonora remained the first lady of the court. Foreign ambassadors always paid their respects to Hedwig Eleonora first, and then Ulrika Eleonora. In 1690, weakened by her seven childbirths, Ulrika Eleonora developed a fatal non-diagnosed illness. She died on July 26, 1693, aged 36, after having spent 1692 -1693 in bed, and was buried at Riddarholmen Church in Stockholm, Sweden. On his deathbed, Karl told his mother that he had not been happy since Ulrika Eleonora’s death.

Karl XI lying in state; Credit – Wikipedia

Karl XI survived his wife by only four years. The year after Ulrika Eleonora’s death, Karl had abdominal pains. During the summer of 1696, the pain became severe and he was given medication that provided only temporary relief. Karl continued to perform his duties but in February 1697, the pain became too severe for him to continue his work. His doctors discovered that he had a large hardening in his abdomen. At that time, there was little the doctors could do other than relieve the pain with medication. Karl XI, King of Sweden died on April 5, 1697, at Tre Kronor Castle in Stockholm, Sweden, aged 41. An autopsy revealed that he had developed cancer that had spread throughout the abdominal cavity. Karl was buried with his wife at Riddarholmen Church.

Tomb of Karl XI at Riddarholmen Church; Credit – Wikipedia

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Works Cited

• En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Charles XI of Sweden – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden> [Accessed 31 August 2021].
• En.wikipedia.org. 2021. Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark> [Accessed 31 August 2021].
• Flantzer, Susan, 2021. Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. [online] Unofficial Royalty. Available at: <https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/hedwig-eleonora-of-holstein-gottorp-queen-of-sweden/> [Accessed 31 August 2021].
• Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Karl XI – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI> [Accessed 31 August 2021].
• Sv.wikipedia.org. 2021. Ulrika Eleonora av Danmark – Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_av_Danmark> [Accessed 31 August 2021].