Author Archives: Susan

James VI, King of Scots/King James I of England

by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2015

James VI, King of Scots/King James I of England; Credit – Wikipedia

King James VI’s reign in Scotland was 57 years and 246 days, longer than any of his predecessors. In 1603, upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England, James also became King of England and reigned there for nearly 22 years. James was born in Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland, on June 19, 1566. He was the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots and her second husband (and first cousin) Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, both grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England and sister of King Henry VIII of England. James was baptized Charles James in a Catholic ceremony at Stirling Castle. His godparents were King Charles IX of France, Queen Elizabeth I of England, and Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.  All of the godparents were represented by other people at the christening.

James’ parents, Henry, Lord Darnley and Mary, Queen of Scots; Credit – Wikipedia

James was only eight months old when his father was murdered by an explosion at Kirk o’ Field, the house where he was staying in Edinburgh, Scotland. When James was 11 months old, Protestant rebels arrested his Catholic mother and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle. Mary never saw her son again. She was forced to abdicate on July 24, 1567, in favor of James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, as regent. Little James was crowned on July 29, 1567, at the Church of the Holy Rude in Stirling, Scotland.

A young James VI, King of Scots; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1568, Mary escaped from her imprisonment at Loch Leven Castle. After being defeated at the Battle of Langside, Mary was forced to flee to England and was subsequently imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth I of England. She remained imprisoned until her execution in 1587, after her implication in the Babington Plot, a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I. Initially buried at Peterborough Cathedral, Mary’s remains were exhumed upon the orders of her son in 1612, then King of England, and were reburied in a marble tomb with an effigy in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Queen Elizabeth I.

James was consigned to the care of John Erskine, Earl of Mar. He was brought up in the Protestant Church of Scotland and was educated by a group of tutors led by the Scottish historian and humanist George Buchanan. During his childhood, James was controlled by powerful nobles and the clergy of the Church of Scotland and was merely a pawn in their machinations.

Throughout his life, James had close relationships with male courtiers, which has caused debate among historians about the nature of the relationships. However, marriage was necessary to provide heirs to the throne. On August 20, 1589, James was married by proxy to Anne of Denmark at Kronborg Castle in Helsingør, Denmark. Anne was the eldest daughter of King Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, who conducted the marriage negotiations after the death of her husband in 1588. Ten days after the proxy wedding, Anne set sail for Scotland, but severe storms forced her to land in Norway. Upon hearing this, James set sail to personally bring Anne to Scotland. On November 23, 1589, the couple was formally married at the Bishop’s Palace in Oslo, Norway. After a prolonged visit to Denmark, James and Anne landed in Scotland on May 1, 1590.

by Renold or Reginold Elstrack (Elstracke), line engraving, early 17th century

King James I of England and VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark by Renold or Reginold Elstrack (Elstracke) line engraving, early 17th-century NPG D25686 © National Portrait Gallery, London

James and Anne had seven children, but only three survived childhood:

by Charles Turner, published by Samuel Woodburn, after Willem de Passe, mezzotint, published 1814

‘James I and his royal progeny’ by Charles Turner, published by Samuel Woodburn, after Willem de Passe mezzotint, published 1814 NPG D9808 © National Portrait Gallery, London

James was the author of several works including Daemonologie (1597), in which he supports the practice of witch-hunting, True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), in which he sets out the doctrine of the divine right of kings that proved fatal to his son and successor King Charles I, and Basilikon Doron (1599), written as a book of instruction for his heir Prince Henry. After Prince Henry died in 1612, James gave it to his second son, later King Charles I.

Henry, Prince of Wales; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1586, James signed the Treaty of Berwick, a peace agreement between Scotland and England. The treaty included a defensive pact should either Scotland or England be invaded and provided James with an annual pension of £4,000 from England. This led many to believe that Queen Elizabeth I already considered James an heir to the English throne. Since none of the children of King Henry VIII had children, James was the senior heir of King Henry VII through his eldest daughter, Margaret Tudor. From 1601 onward, Sir Robert Cecil, Queen Elizabeth’s chief minister, maintained a secret correspondence with James to facilitate a smooth succession. On her deathbed, Queen Elizabeth gave her assent that James should succeed her. Elizabeth died on March 24, 1603. James entered London on May 7, 1603, and his coronation was held on July 25, 1603.

James was now James VI, King of Scots and King James I of England. The following Stuart monarchs of England were also Kings/Queens of Scots until 1707 when Scotland and England were united into a single kingdom called Great Britain: Charles I, Charles II, James II, Mary II, William III, and Anne.

King James I of England in his coronation robes; Credit – Wikipedia

Some important events of King James I’s reign:

  • “Golden Age” of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon
  • Survived two plots to overthrow him in 1603: Bye Plot and Main Plot
  • Made peace with Spain in 1604: Treaty of London ended the Anglo-Spanish War
  • Gunpowder Plot, 1605: Catholic Guy Fawkes conspired with others to blow up Parliament, the plot was averted
  • Popish Recusants Act, 1606: required citizens to take an Oath of Allegiance denying the Pope’s authority over the king
  • English colonization started in North America with the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
  • King James Version of the Bible: an authorized version of the Bible completed in 1611
  • James I dissolved Parliament in 1610 and 1614: James I reigned without Parliament from 1614 – 1621
  • Spanish Match, 1614 – 1623: a proposed marriage between James I’s son and heir Charles and Infanta Maria Anna, the daughter of Philip III of Spain, the negotiations were closely related to British foreign policy and religious policy, and were ultimately unsuccessful

Anne of Denmark, 1617; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1619, James’ wife Anne died, aged 44, from dropsy (edema) after suffering extended bouts of debilitating illness since 1617. She was buried in the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey in London, England. James’ health began to suffer from arthritis, gout, and kidney stones when he was about 50 years old. During the last year of his life, he was rarely well enough to visit London. In March 1625, James became ill with a recurring fever and then suffered a stroke. He died on March 27, 1625, aged 58, at Theobalds House in Hertfordshire, England, one of his favorite country homes. He was buried in the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey in the vault of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, his great-great-grandparents. Plans were drawn up for a monument in the classic style, but the monument was never built. Only an inscription on the floor of the chapel marks his grave.

Inscription on the floor of the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey marking the nearby grave of James I; Photo Credit – findagrave.com

House of Stuart Resources at Unofficial Royalty

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William I, King of Scots (the Lion)

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2015

Seal of William I, King of Scots; Credit – Wikipedia

William I, King of Scots, nicknamed “the Lion,” had the second-longest reign in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707. He reigned for 49 years, from 1165 – 1214, and was a contemporary of King Henry II of England and his sons King Richard I and King John. Born around 1143, William was the second son of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumberland and the 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton (who was a son of David I, King of Scots) and Ada de Warenne.  William was not known as “the Lion” in his lifetime. The nickname did not refer to his personality or military ability, but to his standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail on a yellow background. This became the Royal Standard of Scotland and is used today on the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom, quartered with the royal standards of England and Ireland.

The Royal Standard of Scotland; Credit – Wikipedia

William had six siblings:

Upon the death of his grandfather David I, King of Scots, William’s elder brother succeeded to the throne as Malcolm IV, King of Scots because David’s only son, Malcolm, and William’s father Henry, had predeceased him. Malcolm died in 1165 at the age of 24 and William became King of Scots. William was crowned and anointed at Scone Abbey on December 24, 1165.

Malcolm IV had been forced to surrender Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland to King Henry II of England and to acknowledge Henry II as his overlord. In 1173, rebellious English barons enticed William to join their cause with the promise of the return of Northumberland. William invaded England but was taken prisoner at the Battle of Alnwick on July 13, 1174. The Treaty of Falaise obliged William to acknowledge Henry II as his overlord, agree to pay for the cost of the English army’s occupation of Scotland by taxing the Scots, and to surrender several castles as security. William was released on February 2, 1175, and allowed to return to Scotland. The treaty was canceled in 1189 when King Richard I of England effectively sold southern Scotland back to William to help fund his crusade in the Holy Land.

In 1178, William founded Arbroath Abbey in memory of the martyred Saint Thomas Becket, whom he had met at the English court. Henry II restored the Earldom of Huntington (which still exists today) to William in 1185 who then granted it to his brother David. During William’s reign, settlements were extended, new ones were founded, criminal law clarified, the responsibilities of justices and sheriffs became greater, and trade grew.

The terms of the Treaty of Falaise gave Henry II of England the right to choose William’s wife. As a result, William married Ermengarde de Beaumont, a great-granddaughter of King Henry I of England (through an illegitimate child of Henry I), at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire, England on September 5, 1186.

William and Ermengarde had four children:

William had a number of illegitimate children. Their descendants, along with the descendants of William’s siblings, were among those who would lay claim to the Scottish crown when seven-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway, the grandchild of the late Alexander III, King of Scots, died in 1290.

William lived to be about 70, dying at Stirling Castle in Stirling, Scotland on December 4, 1214. He was buried at Arbroath Abbey in Arbroath, Scotland. He was succeeded by his son Alexander II who reigned from 1214 to 1249.

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Llywelyn Fawr (Llywelyn the Great), Prince of Gwynedd

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Wales was divided into a number of separate kingdoms. The largest of these was Gwynedd in northwest Wales and Powys in east Wales. Gwynedd was the most powerful of the Welsh kingdoms. For one man to rule all of Wales during this period was rare. This was because of the inheritance system practiced in Wales. All sons received an equal share of their father’s property, including illegitimate sons, resulting in the division of territories.

The Principality of Wales was created in 1216 at the Council of Aberdyfi when it was agreed by Llywelyn the Great and the other Welsh princes that he was the paramount Welsh ruler and the other Welsh princes would pay homage to him. Although he never used the title, Llywelyn was the de facto Prince of Wales. Llywelyn dominated Wales for 45 years and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called “the Great”, the other being his ancestor Rhodri the Great. Llywelyn was succeeded by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn and then by his two grandsons who were the sons of his illegitimate son Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.

The campaign of King Edward I of England in Wales (1276 – 1284) resulted in Wales being completely taken over by England. It ended with the deaths of the last two native Princes of Wales: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd who was ambushed and killed in 1282 and his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd, who was the first prominent person in recorded history to have been hanged, drawn, and quartered, in 1283. To ensure there would be no further members of the House of Aberffraw, the English imprisoned Dafydd ap Gruffydd’s two young sons for the rest of their lives at Bristol Castle and sent his daughter and the daughter of his brother Llywelyn ap Gruffydd to convents. To further humiliate the Welsh, King Edward I invested his son and heir, the future King Edward II, with the title Prince of Wales. Since then, the title has been granted (with a few exceptions) to the heir apparent of the English or British monarch.

*********************

Llywelyn ap Iowerth, Prince of Gwynedd;  Credit – Wikipedia

(Note: In Welsh, “ap” means “son of” and “ferch” means “daughter of”)

Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, later known as Llywelyn Fawr (Llywelyn the Great) was the longest-reigning ruler of Welsh principalities, maintaining control for 45 years. He was Prince of Gwynedd and Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn. In 1216, Llewellyn received the fealty of other Welsh lords and although he never used the title, was the de facto Prince of Wales. Llywelyn dominated Wales for 45 years and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called “the Great”, the other being his ancestor Rhodri the Great.

Medieval Principalities of Wales; Credit – Wikipedia

Llywelyn ap Iorwerth was born around 1173, and Dolwyddelan Castle has traditionally been cited as his birthplace. His parents were Iorwerth ab Owain, son of Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Gwynedd, and Marared ferch Madog (Note: “ferch” means “daughter of”), daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, Prince of Powys.  In 1170, Llywelyn’s grandfather Owain died, and there was a power struggle among his sons. Llywelyn’s father Iorwerth was the eldest son, but it appears he did not take part in the power struggle, perhaps because he was disfigured and this excluded him. Eventually, Llwelyn’s uncles Dafydd ab Owain and Rhodri ab Owain split Gwynedd between them. It seems likely that Llywelyn was taken to his mother’s family in Powys after his father’s death and raised there.

Tangwystl ferch Llywarch Goch was the mistress and possibly the wife of Llywelyn, but not much is known about her. She was the daughter of Llywarch Goch of Rhos and lived circa 1168 -1198.

Tangwystl was the mother of Llywelyn’s eldest child:

In 1194, with the aid of his cousins Gruffudd ap Cynan and Maredudd ap Cynan, Llywelyn defeated his uncle Dafydd ab Owain at the Battle of Aberconwy. Llywelyn’s victory allowed him to claim the title of Prince of Gwynedd. Dafydd was exiled to England, where he died in 1203.

To substantiate his position, Llywelyn married Joan (also known as Joanna), an illegitimate daughter of King John of England, in 1205 at St. Werburgh’s Abbey in Chester, Chesire, England. Llywelyn and Joan had at least two children:

Some of Llywelyn’s other recorded children may also have been Joan’s:

Joan and Llywelyn; stained glass windows of St. Mary’s Church, Trefriw, Conwy County, Wales

Despite the marriage of Llywelyn and Joan, hostilities with England broke out in 1210. Wales was invaded, and some territory was lost. However, the lost territories were regained in 1212, and over the next several years, Llywelyn gained more Welsh territory. Llywelyn had established himself as the leader of the independent princes of Wales.  In 1216, Llywelyn held a council at Aberdyfi to determine the territorial claims of the lesser Welsh princes, who affirmed their homage and allegiance to him. Llywelyn was now the de facto Prince of Wales.

Wales c. 1217: Yellow areas directly ruled by Llywelyn, Grey areas ruled by Llywelyn’s client princes, Green ruled by Anglo-Norman lords; Credit – Wikipedia

Following King John’s death in 1216, Llywelyn negotiated the Treaty of Worcester with John’s successor, King Henry III. This treaty confirmed Llywelyn’s possession of all his recent conquests. From then until his death, Llywelyn was the dominant force in Wales. Although there were some border issues, Llywelyn was careful not to provoke unnecessary hostilities with the English.

In 1229, Joan became involved in an affair with her son’s father-in-law, William de Braose, who was publicly hanged for his part in the affair in 1230. Joan was imprisoned for a short time but was later released by her husband, who was genuinely fond of her. Joan died in 1237 and was buried in Llanfaes in Anglesey, where Llywelyn founded a Franciscan friary in her memory.

It appears that Llywelyn suffered a stroke the same year Joan died, and thereafter his son and heir Dafydd took an increasing part in the rule of the principality. On April 11, 1240, Llywelyn died and was buried at Aberconwy Abbey in Conwy, Wales, which he had founded.

Llywelyn and his family are among the characters in Sharon Penman‘s excellent historical fiction trilogy, The Welsh Trilogy.

Llywelyn on his deathbed, with his sons, Daffyd and Gruffudd; Credit – Wikipedia

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David II, King of Scots

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

David II, King of Scots; Credit – Wikipedia

The second and last monarch of the House of Bruce, David II, King of Scots is one of the longest-reigning monarchs of Scotland, having reigned for 41 years, 260 days. He became king in 1329 at the age of five and reigned until he died in 1371 at the age of 46. Born on March 4, 1324, at Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland, David was the elder, but only surviving son of Robert I, King of Scots (also known as Robert the Bruce) and his second wife Elizabeth de Brugh.

David had a twin brother and two sisters:

  • Margaret (died 1346/47), married William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland, had one son who died at age 20 of the plague
  • Matilda (died 1353), married Thomas Isaac, had two daughters
  • John (March 5, 1324 – 1327), younger twin brother of David II

David also had a half-sister Marjorie Bruce (1296 – 1316) from his father’s first marriage to Isabella of Mar. Marjorie married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. Like her mother Isabella of Mar, Marjorie also died in childbirth at age 19. She was thrown from her horse, went into premature labor, and died soon after delivering a son. Her son became Robert II, King of Scots, the first monarch of the Stewart dynasty. Marjorie’s descendants include the House of Stewart and all their successors on the thrones of Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom.

On July 17, 1328, four-year-old David married seven-year-old Joan of the Tower, the youngest daughter of King Edward II of England and Isabella of France. David’s mother had died in 1327 and upon the death of his father on June 7, 1329, David succeeded to the Scottish throne. The child king and queen were crowned and anointed at Scone Abbey on November 24, 1331.

Joan and David II with Philip VI of France; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1332-1333, David’s brother-in-law King Edward III of England invaded Scotland in support of Edward Balliol‘s claim to the Scots throne and defeated the Scots. David and Joan sought refuge in France and remained there from 1334 until May 1341 when David returned to Scotland and took control of the government. King Philip VI of France persuaded David to invade England. However, the Scots forces were defeated at the Battle of Neville’s Cross on October 17, 1346, and David was taken prisoner and held by the English for eleven years. He was finally freed in 1357 by the Treaty of Berwick which stipulated that a large ransom would be paid over the next 10 years.

David II (left) and Edward III (right); Credit – Wikipedia

Joan, who had accompanied her husband in his exiles, died on September 7, 1362, at the age of 41, without giving her husband an heir. David married his mistress Margaret Drummond on February 20, 1364. He divorced her in 1370 on the grounds of infertility. However, Margaret successfully petitioned Pope Urban V to reverse the divorce because it seemed likely that David was infertile as his 34-year marriage to his first wife produced no issue.

In the later years of his reign, David continued pursuing peace with England and worked to make Scotland a stronger kingdom with a more prosperous economy. David II, King of Scots, aged 46, died unexpectedly on February 22, 1371, at Edinburgh Castle and was buried at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, now in ruins. As both his marriages were childless, David was succeeded by his nephew, the son of his half-sister Marjorie, who became Robert II, King of Scots, the first monarch of the House of Stewart.

Ruins of Holyrood Abbey; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

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Longest Reigning British Monarchs

Credit – Wikipedia; Joel Rouse/ Ministry of Defence – https://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk/fotoweb/archives/5000-Current%20News/Archive%20(Navy)/RoyalNavy/2015/March/45158590.jpg

On September 9, 2015, Queen Elizabeth II will surpass her great great grandmother Queen Victoria as the longest reigning British monarch. In honor of this milestone, we will be publishing a series of articles about the longest reigning British monarchs (listed below)  starting August 26, 2015 and continuing through September 8, 2015.

Top 10 Longest Reigning British Monarchs

  1. Queen Elizabeth II, reigned February 6, 1952 – Present
  2. Queen Victoria, reigned June 20, 1837 – January 22, 1901; 63 years, 216 days
  3. King George III, reigned October 25, 1760 – January 29, 1820; 59 years, 96 days
  4. King Henry III, reigned October 18, 1216 – November 16, 1272; 56 years, 29 days
  5. King Edward III, reigned January 25, 1327 – June 21, 1377; 50 years, 147 days
  6. Queen Elizabeth I, reigned November 17, 1558 – March 24, 1603; 44 years, 127 days
  7. King Henry VI, reigned August 31, 1422 – March 4, 1461 AND 31 October 31, 1470 – April 11, 1471; 38 years, 347 days
  8. King Æthelred II, reigned March 18, 978 – December 25, 1013 AND February 3, 1014 – April 23, 1016; 37 years, 362 days
  9. King Henry VIII, reigned April 22, 1509 – January 28, 1547; 37 years, 281 days
  10. King Henry I, reigned August 3, 1100 – December 1, 1135; 35 years, 120 days

Honorable Mention: Scottish and Welsh Monarchs Who Could Be Included in the List

  • King James VI of Scotland, reigned July 24, 1567 – 27 March 27, 1625; 57 years, 246 days (from March 24,1603, also King James I of England)
  • King William I of Scotland, reigned December 9, 1165 – December 4, 1214; 48 years, 360 days
  • Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd, reigned January 1, 1195 – April 11, 1240; 45 years
  • King David II of Scotland, reigned June 7, 1329 – February 22, 1371; 41 years, 260 days

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End of August: Tragic British Royal Family Deaths

Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore near Windsor Castle, Photo Credit – Wikipedia

It is well known that Diana, Princess of Wales tragically died in a car accident at the end of August. However, There are many medicine medicines available thought about that order cialis without prescription in the market but the best place to buy quality pills in online. If we talk about the popularity, it stayed on number one position in 24 countries, including US, UK, and Ireland. “I Gotta Feeling” by Black Eyed Peas This dance-pop song touched the number one spot purchase generic cialis in a poll by Spotify, music service provider, under the category of most-played songs at weddings in the UK. “Cake by the Ocean” by DNCE This number perfectly complements a. It enables cialis sample you to increase sex simulation, stamina and endurance to last longer in bed and offer her mesmerizing sexual pleasure. What do you know about generico viagra on line browse around here GMO’s (genetically-modified organisms)? GMO’s have been linked to many different health problems across America. there are several other recent British royals who died tragically during the last week of August prior to her death. Find out the details at Unofficial Royalty: Tragedy in the British Royal Family at the End of August.

530 Anniversary of the Battle of Bosworth Field

Stained glass window in St James Church in Sutton Cheney, England where it is believed Richard III (left) attended his last Mass before facing Henry VII (right) in the Battle of Bosworth Field; Credit – Wikipedia

August 22, 2015 is the 530th anniversary of the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, where the last king of the House of York and the Plantagenet dynasty, 32 year-old King Richard III of England, lost his life and his crown. The battle was a decisive victory for the House of Lancaster, whose leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first monarch of the House of Tudor.  Richard’s remains were rediscovered in 2012 and reburied at Leicester Cathedral on March 26, 2015.
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Check out the details at Unofficial Royalty – Richard III: Lost and Found

Prince George being harassed by paparazzi

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Kensington Palace released a disturbing letter regarding Prince George being harassed by the paparazzi.

A letter from Kensington Palace – From: Jason Knauf, Communications Secretary to TRH The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and HRH Prince Henry of Wales, 14th August, 2015

Some highlights from the letter:

One recent incident – just last week – was disturbing, but not at all uncommon. A photographer rented a car and parked in a discreet location outside a children’s play area. Already concealed by darkened windows, he took the added step of hanging sheets inside the vehicle and created a hide stocked with food and drinks to get him through a full day of surveillance, waiting in hope to capture images of Prince George. Police discovered him lying down in the boot of the vehicle attempting to shoot photos with a long lens through a small gap in his hide.

This incident was not an isolated one. In recent months photographers have:

  • on multiple occasions used long range lenses to capture images of The Duchess playing with Prince George in a number of private parks;
  • monitored the movements of Prince George and his nanny around London parks and
  • monitored the movements of other household staff;
  • photographed the children of private individuals visiting The Duke and Duchess’s home;
  • pursued cars leaving family homes;
  • used other children to draw Prince George into view around playgrounds;
  • been found hiding on private property in fields and woodland locations around The Duke and Duchess’s home in Norfolk;
  • obscured themselves in sand dunes on a rural beach to take photos of Prince George playing with his grandmother;
  • placed locations near the Middleton family home in Berkshire under steady surveillance

August 1915: Royalty and World War I

by Susan Flantzer

Coat of Arms of Liechtenstein; Credit – “Staatswappen-Liechtensteins” by SVG Added Ramos – Own work based on: File:Coat of arms of Liechtenstein.png. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg#/media/File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg

Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein

On August 16, 1915, 38 year old Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein, who served in the Austro-Hungarian Army, died in Warsaw, Prussia (now in Poland) from wounds received in action. The German and Austro-Hungarian armies had occupied Warsaw on August 5, 1915 after a century of Russian control of the city, when the Russian commander in chief of the Eastern Front, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia evacuated the Russian troops from Warsaw. The German and Austrian offensive march toward Warsaw had begun on July 13, 1915. It seems likely that Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein was wounded sometime during the offensive as the Austro-Hungarian Army was involved and he then died in Warsaw which had become part of Prussia.

The name Liechtenstein originated from Castle Liechtenstein (“bright stone”) located near Maria Enzersdorf, south of Vienna, Austria, which was owned by the family from at least 1140 until the 13th century and again from 1807 onwards. Karl I, the first reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, received a reward of becoming a hereditary sovereign prince because he supported the right side in a land dispute between Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his son Archduke Matthias in 1608.

Castle Liechtenstein; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely tied to Austria-Hungary. The reigning princes continued to derive much of their wealth from estates in the Habsburg territories, and they spent much of their time at their two palaces in Vienna. Liechtenstein’s army had been disbanded in 1868 for financial reasons, and so its citizens and members of the Princely Family served in the Austro-Hungarian Army.

Born on June 21, 1877 in Hollenegg, Austria, Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein was the son of first cousins Prince Alfred Aloys of Liechtenstein and Princess Henriette of Liechtenstein. Princess Henriette’s father was Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and Prince Alfred Aloys’ father was Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein, Aloys II’s brother. At the time of his death, Heinrich’s uncle Johann II was reigning Prince of Liechtenstein.

Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein was buried in the family mausoleum in the village of Vranov now in the Brno County District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. The Liechtenstein family owned large properties in the area.  Maximilian of Liechtenstein (younger brother of Prince Karl I) founded a Pauline monastery in Vranov and had a grave site built for members of the House of Liechtenstein. The present mausoleum, built in 1812, is in the grounds of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, in Vranov, near Brno, in the Czech Republic. There are two crypts in the mausoleum – the Old Crypt, and the New Crypt – containing the remains of all but one of the ruling Princes. After World War II, the Czech government confiscated the properties of all foreigners, which included the princely family’s properties and castles. Since then, the Czech Republic has refused to return the property to the princely family of Liechtenstein, and there has been no preservation or restoration of the tombs and mausoleum.

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Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Vranov, Czech Republic; Photo Credit – www.findagrave.com

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Entrance to the Liechtenstein Crypt; Photo Credit – www.findagrave.com

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Timeline: August 1, 1915 – August 31, 1915

August 5: Warsaw is taken from Russia by Austrian and German troops in the Third Battle of Warsaw, a phase of the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive
August 6–10: Battle of Lone Pine on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 6–13: Battle of Krithia Vineyard on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 6–15: Allies land at Suvla Bay  on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 6–21: Battle of Sari Bair on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula
August 7: Battle of the Nek on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 7–19: Battle of Chunuk Bair on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 21: Battle of Scimitar Hill on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 21–29: Battle of Hill 60 on the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
August 26 – September 19: Sventiany Offensive at Sventiany, Russian Empire (now Švenčionys, Lithuania)

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A Note About German Titles

Most of the royals who died in action during World War I were German. The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent states, most of them ruled by royal families. Scroll down to German Empire here to see what constituent states made up the German Empire.  The constituent states retained their own governments, but had limited sovereignty. Some had their own armies, but the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. In wartime, armies of all the constituent states would be controlled by the Prussian Army and the combined forces were known as the Imperial German Army.  German titles may be used in Royals Who Died In Action below. Refer to Unofficial Royalty: Glossary of German Noble and Royal Titles.

24 British peers were also killed in World War I and they will be included in the list of those who died in action. In addition, more than 100 sons of peers also lost their lives, and those that can be verified will also be included.

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August 1915 – Royals/Nobles/Peers Who Died In Action

The list is in chronological order and does contain some who would be considered noble instead of royal. The links in the last bullet for each person is that person’s genealogical information from Leo’s Genealogics Website.  or to The Peerage website.  If a person has a Wikipedia page, their name will be linked to that page.

The Honorable Nicholas Mosley

Ludwig, Prinz von Auersperg

The Honorable Kenneth Dundas

The Honorable Gerald Legge

The Honorable Francis Willoughby

The Honorable Gerald Bailey

Adolf, Graf von Erbach-Fürstenau

  • son of Alfred, Graf zu Erbach-Fürstenau and Luise, Prinzessin zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
  • born December 30, 1871 in Fürstenau, Germany
  • killed in action August 13, 1915 in Russia, age 43
  • http://thepeerage.com/p9565.htm#i95642

Joseph Karl, Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid

  • son of Adalbert, Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid and Princess Adelheid of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
  • born January 25, 1892 in Praha, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
  • killed in action August 14, 1915 in Miedzyrecze, Poland, age 23
  • http://www.thepeerage.com/p9858.htm#i98573

Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein

Degenhard-Bertram, Freiherr von Loë

The Honorable Charles Lister

July 1915: Royalty and World War I

by Susan Flantzer


Two sons of British peers died at the very end of July 1915, one in battle and the other of typhoid fever while serving with the Serbian Relief Fund in Serbia because he was not medically fit for active service.

gerald grenfell

The Honorable Gerald William Grenfell ; Photo Credit – http://photos.geni.com

The Honorable Gerald William Grenfell, known as William or Billy, was born in London on March 29, 1890. He was the second of the five children and the second of the three sons of William Henry Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough,  and Ethel Anne Priscilla Fane, daughter of the diplomat Julian Fane.  His elder brother, the war poet The Honorable Julian Grenfell, died from battle wounds on May 26, 1915 and was featured in May 1915: Royalty and World War I.  His younger brother The Honorable Ivo George Grenfell, died in 1926 as the result of a car accident. The title, Baron Desborough, became extinct upon the death of their father, the 1st Baron Desborough, in 1945.

Billy attended Oxford University and served as a Second Lieutenant in the 8th Battalion of Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort’s Own)  in the British Army. He was killed on July 30, 1915 at the age of 25 leading a charge near Hooge, a small village east of Ypres in the Flemish province of West-Vlaanderen in Belgium, within a mile of where Julian had been mortally wounded. Billy has no known grave, but is memorialized on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing in Ypres, Belgium, dedicated to the British and Commonwealth soldiers who were killed in the Ypres Salient of World War I and whose graves are unknown.

Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Like his brother Julian, Billy is also considered a British War Poet.  Along with his brother, Billy was featured in The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry published in November 1917.  Billy’s poem is a memorial to his friend The Honorable John Neville Manners, the eldest son of John Manners-Sutton, 3rd Baron Manners,  who died in 1914 during the early weeks of the war. The poem is one of the nine poems in the In Memoriam section of The Muse in Arms.

To John
(The Hon. John Manners)
by William Grenfell

O heart-and-soul and careless played
Our little band of brothers,
And never recked the time would come
To change our games for others.
It’s joy for those who played with you
To picture now what grace
Was in your mind and single heart
And in your radiant face.
Your light-foot strength by flood and field
For England keener glowed;
To whatsoever things are fair
We know, through you, the road;
Nor is our grief the less thereby;
O swift and strong and dear, good-bye.

grenfell memorial

Memorial to Gerald William Grenfell and his brother Julian near their family home; Photo Credit – www.grenfellhistory.co.uk

 

The Honorable Richard Chichester, the youngest son of Arthur Henry Chichester, 3rd Lord Templemore and his second wife Alice Dawkins was born on April 4, 1889. He was educated at Harrow School in London, England and graduated from Christ Church, Oxford University in 1910 with a Bachelor of Arts. Richard had been pronounced medically unfit for active service. However, he still wanted to serve in the war effort. In November 1914, he went to Serbia as acting honorary secretary to the first hospital unit of the Serbian Relief Fund, founded by Dame Louise Paget, Lady Paget, a British humanitarian. For his services in Serbia, Richard was given the honorary rank of Captain in the Serbian Army. He was planning to go home on leave, to try to persuade the army doctors to approve him for active service, when he caught a virulent form of typhoid fever and died in nine days, on July 31, 1915.

Petar Mirkovie, member of the Municipality of Novi Bazar, Serbia, sent this telegram to Lady Paget : “In the name of the citizens of Novi Bazar, I beg you to accept my deepest sympathy, learning the news of the sudden death of our young and noble Richard Chichester, who came to Serbia under pressure of his love for right, and far away from his own country left his life on this field of duty.”

Lady Paget wrote of Richard: “His devoted work of the previous winter, and his unfailing energy and courtesy, had endeared him to a far wider circle even than that with which he came into personal contact. For myself, I cannot express the value of his efficient and sympathetic help, nor what his loss meant to us. There was no member of the unit whose absence could have left a greater gap, or whose presence during the indescribable difficulties of the following winter would have been a more effective aid to us all.”

www.rastko.rs: British Medical Missions in Serbia 1914-1915

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Timeline: July 1, 1915 – July 31, 1915

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A Note About German Titles

Most of the royals who died in action during World War I were German. The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent states, most of them ruled by royal families. Scroll down to German Empire here to see what constituent states made up the German Empire.  The constituent states retained their own governments, but had limited sovereignty. Some had their own armies, but the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. In wartime, armies of all the constituent states would be controlled by the Prussian Army and the combined forces were known as the Imperial German Army.  may be used in Royals Who Died In Action below. Refer to Unofficial Royalty: Glossary of German Noble and Royal Titles.

24 British peers were also killed in World War I and they will be included in the list of those who died in action. In addition, more than 100 sons of peers also lost their lives, and those that can be verified will also be included.

*********************************************************


July 1915 – Royals/Nobles/Peers Who Died In Action

The list is in chronological order and does contain some who would be considered noble instead of royal. The links in the last bullet for each person is that person’s genealogical information from Leo’s Genealogics Website.  or to The Peerage website.  If a person has a Wikipedia page, their name will be linked to that page.

The Honorable Gerald William Grenfell

The Honorable Richard Chichester

  • son of Arthur Henry Chichester, 3rd Lord Templemore and his second wife Alice Dawkins
  • born April 4, 1889
  • died of typhoid fever July 31, 1915 in Niš, Serbia while working for the Serbian Relief Fund, age 26
  • http://www.thepeerage.com/p25003.htm#i250025