by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, circa 1593, probably modeled after his tomb effigy; Credit – Wikipedia

John of Gaunt was the fourth son but the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. It was through John’s first marriage that the Duchy of Lancaster eventually became a possession of the British Crown. John is also quite important in royal genealogy. His daughter Catherine of Lancaster married King Enrique III of Castile and León, which made John the grandfather of King Juan II of Castile and the ancestor of all subsequent monarchs of Castile and a united Spain. His daughter Philippa of Lancaster married King João I of Portugal making all future Portuguese monarchs descendants of John. All monarchs of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom since King Henry IV are descended from John of Gaunt, and most European monarchies are also descended from John. The Houses of Lancaster, York, and Tudor were all descended from John of Gaunt’s children:

• King Henry IV (Lancaster: father of King Henry V, grandfather of King Henry VI)
• Joan Beaufort (York: grandmother of King Edward IV and King Richard III)
• John Beaufort (Tudor: great-grandfather of King Henry VII)

John of Gaunt was born on March 6, 1340, at the Abbey of St. Bavon in Ghent, County of Flanders, now in Belgium. At the time of his birth, Ghent was known as Gaunt in English, hence his name, John of Gaunt. King Edward III and his wife were in Flanders to formally receive homage from the Count of Flanders and to have the cities of Ghent, Ypres, and Bruges proclaim Edward III as King of France. From 1337 to 1453, the English and the French fought the Hundred Years’ War for control of the Kingdom of France. It was ultimately an unsuccessful war for the English that involved King Edward III, his sons, and their descendants for a long period.

John had thirteen siblings:

• Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince (1330 – 1376), married Joan, 4th Countess of Kent, had issue (King Richard II of England)
• Isabella of England (1332 – 1379) married Enguerrand VII de Coucy, 1st Earl of Bedford, had issue
• Joan of England (1333/1334/1335 – 1348), died of the plague on the way to marry Pedro of Castile
• William of Hatfield (born and died 1337)
• Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (1338 – 1368), married (1) Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster, had issue (2) Violante Visconti, no issue
• Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341 – 1402), married (1) Infanta Isabella of Castile, had issue (2) Joan Holland, no issue
• Blanche of the Tower (born and died March 1342)
• Mary of Waltham (1344 – 1362), married John V, Duke of Brittany, no issue
• Margaret of Windsor, Countess of Pembroke (1346 – 1361), married John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, no issue
• Thomas of Windsor (1347 – 1348), died of the plague
• William of Windsor (born and died 1348), died of the plague
• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355 – 1397), married Eleanor de Bohun, had issue

John grew up in the household of his elder brother Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince) where he received his knightly training. He experienced battle for the first time at the age of ten when he was on board a ship with his brother the Prince of Wales at the naval Battle of Winchelsea. When John was nineteen years old, he commanded, for the first time, his own troops during a grueling winter campaign in Normandy.

John’s father King Edward III and his eldest brother Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince); Credit – Wikipedia

Following his father’s plan for his sons to marry wealthy heiresses, John married Blanche of Lancaster on May 19, 1359, in the Queen’s Chapel at Reading Abbey in Reading, England. The bride was 14 years old and the groom was 19 years old. Blanche’s father was Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, a great-grandson of King Henry III of England. Blanche had only one sibling, an elder sister, Maud. Blanche and John were third cousins, both being great-great-grandchildren of King Henry III.  This was an excellent match for both Blanche and John.  Blanche was marrying into the royal family and John’s wealth was greatly increased by marrying one of the richest heiresses in England.

Marriage of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in Reading Abbey on by Horace Wright (1914)

Description of the above painting from the Reading Museum where the painting is on display: “In this painting, John of Gaunt and his bride walk from beneath a gilded canopy towards the officiating Bishop of Salisbury. Four lords support the wedding canopy. The one nearest to Blanche is her father, Henry, Duke of Lancaster. Close by is the poet Chaucer, clothed in black and bearing a scroll. On the throne is John’s father, King Edward III, beneath a crimson canopy decorated with the lions of England. Beside the King are two of the royal princes, Edward the Black Prince and Prince Lionel.”

Blanche and John had seven children:

• Philippa of Lancaster (1360 – 1415), married King João I of Portugal, had issue
• John (c.1362/1364), died in infancy
• Elizabeth of Lancaster (1364 – 1426), married (1) John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke  (2) John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, had issue  (3) John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope, had issue
• Edward of Lancaster (born and died 1365)
• John of Lancaster (born and died 1366), died in early infancy
• King Henry IV of England (1367 – 1413), married (1) Mary de Bohun, had issue including King Henry V of England  (2)  Joanna of Navarre, no issue
• Isabella of Lancaster (born 1368), died young

Blanche’s father died in 1361 and her sister died in 1362, making Blanche the sole heiress. At this time, it was common for extinct titles of heiresses’ fathers to pass to their husbands. John of Gaunt was created Duke of Lancaster on November 13, 1362. By that time, his wealth was immense. He owned thirty castles and estates in England and France. His household was comparable in size and organization to that of a monarch, and his annual income was between £8,000 and £10,000 a year, several million pounds in today’s terms. This was the beginning of today’s Duchy of Lancaster which descended to John of Gaunt’s son King Henry IV and has remained in the British Crown ever since.

The Duchy of Lancaster is one of the two royal duchies in England and is held in trust for the Sovereign to provide income for the use of the British monarch.  The other royal duchy is the Duchy of Cornwall which provides a similar purpose for the eldest son of the reigning British monarch.  The monarch, regardless of gender, has the style of Duke of Lancaster.  The duchy comprises 46,000 acres and includes urban developments, historic buildings, and farmland in many parts of England and Wales, and large holdings in Lancashire. The Sovereign is not entitled to the capital of the Duchy’s portfolio or capital profits. Revenue profits are distributed to the Sovereign and are subject to income tax.

• Official Website: Duchy of Lancaster

On September 12, 1368, Blanche died at age 23, possibly of the plague or possibly from childbirth complications, while John was away at sea. Most of England’s nobility and clergy attended her funeral at the Old St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, England.  John held annual commemorations of Blanche’s death for the rest of his life and built a magnificent double tomb at St. Paul’s Cathedral for Blanche and himself. Although he married two more times, when John died in 1399, he was buried with Blanche.

John married again on September 21, 1371, to Infanta Constance of Castile, the daughter of Pedro I, King of Castile and León. Constance was the elder surviving daughter and co-heiress of her father. Her younger sister Isabella married John’s younger brother Edmund of Langley. In 1369, Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile and León had been killed by his half-brother who then assumed the throne of Castile and León. After his marriage to Constance, John assumed the style of King of Castile and León in the right of his wife. However, he was never able to gain control of the kingdom. In 1388, John renounced any claim in favor of King Enrique III, who later married Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John and Constance. Constance died on March 24, 1394, at Leicester Castle in England at the age of 40. She was buried at the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke in Leicester, England where several other Lancasters were buried.

Constance and John had two children:

• Catherine of Lancaster (1372–1418), married King Enrique III of Castile and León, had issue
• John of Lancaster (1374–1375)

Constance of Castile; Credit – Wikipedia

During the 1370s and the 1380s, John was one of England’s principal military commanders, but he never received the acclaim that his elder brother Edward the Black Prince received. In August 1373, John invaded France and marched unopposed from Calais on the English Channel to Bordeaux in Aquitaine, a distance of 550 miles. He negotiated a truce with France at Bruges, Flanders in 1375. From 1374 until 1377, John was effectively the head of the English government due to the illness of his father and elder brother. On June 8, 1376, at the age of 45, John’s eldest brother and heir to the throne, Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince) died at the age of 45. The heir to the throne became Edward’s only surviving child, nine-year-old Richard. A year later King Edward III died and was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson King Richard II. At King Richard II’s coronation, John acted as High Steward, carried the Sword of Mercy, and carved at the coronation banquet.

King Richard II’s coronation occurred on July 16, 1377, at Westminster Abbey, just eleven days after his grandfather’s funeral. The quickness with which all this happened was certainly affected by the controversial succession of a child king whose father had not been the king. Some believed that one of King Edward III’s younger sons (there were three still alive: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; Edmund of Langley, Duke of York; and Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester) should be king. Parliament, in a dispute with John of Gaunt at that time, supported Richard’s accession to the throne. John of Gaunt and his two brothers were excluded from councils that ruled during Richard’s minority, but as the king’s uncles, they still held great informal influence over the government.

Since 1337, England had been fighting France in the Hundred Years’ War, and the English had consistently lost territory to the French since 1369. King Richard II wanted to negotiate peace with France, but much of the nobility wanted to continue the war. In 1386, Parliament blamed Richard’s advisers for the military failures and accused them of misusing funds intended for the war. Parliament authorized a commission of nobles known as the Lords Appellant to take over the kingdom’s management and act as Richard’s regents. In 1387, the Lords Appellant launched an armed rebellion against King Richard II and defeated an army loyal to him at the Battle of Radcot Bridge, outside Oxford. They maintained Richard as a figurehead with little real power. Parliament convicted almost all of Richard’s advisers of treason. Most of the advisers were executed and a few were exiled.

Richard’s uncle John of Gaunt left England in 1386 to seek the throne of Castile, claimed by the right of his second wife, Constance of Castile, whom he had married in 1371. Because of the crisis in England, in 1389, John of Gaunt returned from Castile, enabling King Richard II to rebuild his power gradually until 1397, when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three men among the Lords Appellant.

Katherine Swynford, John’s longtime mistress, was his third wife. They married on January 13, 1396, at Lincoln Cathedral in England. Katherine originally was a governess to John’s daughters by his first wife, Philippa and Elizabeth. Sometime after the death of Blanche of Lancaster in 1368 and the birth of John and Katherine’s first child in 1373, John and Katherine began an affair that produced four children. The children were given the surname “Beaufort” after a former French possession of John. After the marriage of John and Katherine, their four children were legitimized by both King Richard II of England and Pope Boniface IX.  After John’s eldest son deposed his first cousin, King Richard II, in 1399, the new King Henry IV inserted a phrase excepta regali dignitate (“except royal status”) in the documents which legitimized his Beaufort half-siblings which barred them from the throne.

John and Katherine had three sons and one daughter:

• John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373–1410), married Margaret Holland, had issue, great-great-grandparents of King Henry VII
• Henry, Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester (1375–1447), unmarried
• Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (1377–1426), married Margaret Neville of Horneby, no surviving issue
• Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland (1379–1440), married (1) Robert Ferrers, 5th Baron Boteler of Wem, had issue, ancestors of many notable persons including Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother; Diana, Princess of Wales; Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge; George Washington, etc. (2) Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, had 14 children, grandparents of King Edward IV and King Richard III

John of Gaunt died on February 3, 1399, at Leicester Castle in England at the age of 58. His nephew King Richard II had visited John before his death. Although he married two more times, John was buried with his first wife Blanche at Old St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Unfortunately, the Great Fire of 1666 destroyed Old St. Paul’s Cathedral and the magnificent tomb of Blanche and John. Katherine Swynford, John’s widow, survived him for four years, dying on May 10, 1403.  She was buried at Lincoln Cathedral.

The tomb of Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt, destroyed during the Great Fire of London of 1666. Credit: Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited
Abrufstatistik. “John of Gaunt, 1. Duke of Lancaster.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2016.
“John of Gaunt.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Nov. 2016. Web. 5 Dec. 2016.
Jones, Dan. The Plantagenets. New York: Viking, 2012. Print.
“Katherine Swynford.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Nov. 2016. Web. 5 Dec. 2016.
Williamson, David. Brewer’s British Royalty. London: Cassell, 1996. Print.

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence; Credit – Westminster Abbey

The third, but the second surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault, Lionel of Antwerp, was one of the two people on whom the House of York would base its claim to the English throne. Lionel was born on November 29, 1338, in Antwerp, Duchy of Brabant, now Belgium. Lionel’s birth in Antwerp was due to his parents’ long stay in the Low Countries due to England’s war against France (the Hundred Years War). King Edward III loved the legends of King Arthur. During the 1330s, King Edward III identified himself with Sir Lionel, one of the Knights of the Round Table, and appeared incognito as “Sir Lionel” at tournaments. This probably is where Lionel’s name originated.

Lionel had thirteen siblings:

• Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince (1330 – 1376), married Joan, 4th Countess of Kent, had one child (King Richard II of England)
• Isabella of England (1332 – 1379) married Enguerrand VII de Coucy, 1st Earl of Bedford, had issue
• Joan of England (1333/1334/1335 – 1348), died of the plague on the way to marry Pedro of Castile
• William of Hatfield (born and died 1337)
• John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340 – 1399), married (1) Blanche of Lancaster, had issue including King Henry IV of England (2) Infanta Constance of Castile, had issue              (3) Katherine Swynford (formerly his mistress), had issue
• Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341 – 1402), married (1) Infanta Isabella of Castile, had issue (2) Joan Holland, no issue
• Blanche of the Tower (born and died March 1342)
• Mary of Waltham (1344 – 1362), married John V, Duke of Brittany, no issue
• Margaret of Windsor, Countess of Pembroke (1346 – 1361), married John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, no issue
• Thomas of Windsor (1347 – 1348), died of the plague
• William of Windsor (born and died 1348), died of the plague
• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355 – 1397), married Eleanor de Bohun, had issue

When Lionel was only three years old, his father arranged a marriage to a wealthy heiress. In 1332, the young William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster and 4th Baron of Connaught and the head of one of the greatest of the Anglo-Norman houses in Ireland, had been murdered, leaving one child, a daughter Elizabeth de Burgh, by his wife Maud of Lancaster.  After her husband’s murder, Maud fled to England with her infant daughter, who was the suo jure (in her own right) 4th Countess of Ulster, and they lived at the court of King Edward III.

Four-year-old Lionel and ten-year-old Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster were married at the Tower of London on September 9, 1342. The marriage was not consummated until Lionel was 14 and Elizabeth was 20. Lionel came into the possession of Elizabeth’s Irish lands and was jure uxoris (by right of his wife) Earl of Ulster. He also gained lands in Ireland and Suffolk, England in the right of his wife’s grandmother Elizabeth de Clare.  In 1362, Lionel was created Duke of Clarence with “Clarence” referring to the lands of the de Clare family. Lionel served as Chief Governor of Ireland for a good part of the 1360s.

Lionel and Elizabeth had one child, a daughter Philippa, born on August 16, 1355, at Eltham Palace in Kent, England. Philippa married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March.  It is through Philippa and Edmund’s eldest son Roger de Mortimer that the House of York is derived. Roger de Mortimer eventually inherited his father and mother’s titles and was the 4th Earl of March and 6th Earl of Ulster. During the reign of the childless King Richard II, the only surviving child of Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince) who predeceased his father King Edward III, Lionel’s daughter Philippa was the heir presumptive to the English throne. After she died in 1382, her eldest son Roger was the heir presumptive. In 1400, King Richard II was deposed by Henry of Bolingbroke (King Henry IV), the eldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, King Edward III’s third surviving son.

Roger de Mortimer’s daughter and eventual heir Anne de Mortimer married Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, the second son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of King Edward III. Richard of Conisburgh’s elder brother Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York died at the Battle of Agincourt and had no issue, so Richard was his father’s heir.  Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York was the other person on whom the House of York would base its claim to the English throne.  Anne Mortimer and Richard of Conisburgh’s son Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York was the major player in the Wars of the Roses for the House of York until he died in battle. His sons were the Yorkist kings, King Edward IV and King Richard III. The Wars of the Roses, the battle for the English throne, was fought by the House of York which had claims through the second surviving son and the fourth surviving son of King Edward III and the House of Lancaster which had a claim through the third surviving son of King Edward III.  A family tree can be seen at Wikipedia: Family Tree.

Lionel of Antwerp’s efforts to secure authority over his Irish lands was only moderately successful. His wife Elizabeth died in 1363, and in 1366, he abandoned his mission in Ireland and returned to England. In 1368, Lionel made another marriage with an heiress. 13-year-old Violante Visconti was the daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan and Pavia, and came with a very large dowry. On May 28, 1368, a lavish wedding with many celebrations was held in Milan, Lordship of Milan, now in Italy. However, the marriage lasted only five months. On October 17, 1368, 29-year-old Lionel died in Alba, Lordship of Milan, now in Italy. Speculation that Lionel’s father-in-law had him poisoned has never been proven. Lionel’s remains were returned to England where he was buried at Clare Priory in Suffolk, England where his wife Elizabeth de Burgh was also buried. Clare Priory was suppressed and partially destroyed under King Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Ruins of Clare Priory; Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited
Jones, Dan. The Plantagenets. New York: Viking, 2012. Print.
“Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Nov. 2016. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
Williamson, David. Brewer’s British Royalty. London: Cassell, 1996. Print.

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Joan of Kent, 4th Countess of Kent, Princess of Wales; Credit – Wikipedia

Joan of Kent was born September 29, 1328, at Woodstock Palace near Oxford in Oxfordshire, England. She was the third of the four children of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent and Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell.  Joan’s father was the younger of the two sons of King Edward I of England and his second wife, Margaret of France, and was, therefore, a half-brother of King Edward II.

Through her second marriage to the eldest son of King Edward III, Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), Joan became the very first Princess of Wales. Besides Joan, there have been nine women who were Princess of Wales by their marriages to the Prince of Wales:

• Anne Neville, wife of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (never became king, son of King Henry VI)
• Catherine of Aragon, wife of Arthur, Prince of Wales (predeceased his father King Henry VII)
• Caroline of Ansbach, wife of George, Prince of Wales (son of King George I, acceded to the throne as King George II)
• Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales (predeceased his father King George II)
• Caroline of Brunswick, wife of George, Prince of Wales (son of King George III, acceded to the throne as King George IV)
• Alexandra of Denmark, wife Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (son of Queen Victoria, acceded to the throne as King Edward VII)
• Mary of Teck, wife of George, Prince of Wales (son of King Edward VII, acceded to the throne as King George V)
• Lady Diana Spencer, first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (son of Queen Elizabeth II, divorced August 28, 1996)
• Camilla Parker Bowles, second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (son of Queen Elizabeth II), does not use the title Princess of Wales, known instead as the Duchess of Cornwall

Joan had three siblings:

• Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent (1326 – before October 5, 1331)
• Margaret (1327 – 1352), unmarried
• John, 3rd Earl of Kent (1330 – 1352), married Isabella of Jülich, no issue

Joan’s father Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent played an important role during the reign of his half-brother King Edward II, acting both as a diplomat and a military commander. Three years after King Edward II was deposed by his wife Isabella of France and her lover Roger Mortimer and Edward II and Isabella’s 15-year-old son succeeded as King Edward III, Edmund was accused of high treason on charges of having attempted to free the former king from imprisonment. It later emerged that Roger Mortimer himself was responsible for leading Edmund into the plot to free the former king, in a form of entrapment.  Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent was executed at Winchester Castle on March 19, 1330. Joan’s mother Margaret was pregnant at the time of her husband’s execution and was confined to Arundel Castle with her young children where her last child was born.

After Edmund’s execution, the nobles begged the young King Edward III to assert his independence, which he did shortly before his 18th birthday. In October of 1330, a Parliament was summoned to Nottingham Castle, resulting in Mortimer and Isabella being seized by Edward and the nobles. Isabella begged for mercy for Mortimer, but he was accused of assuming royal power and of various other crimes and was condemned without a trial and hanged. Isabella was held under comfortable house arrest until she died in 1358. After King Edward III regained his independence from his mother and Mortimer, he took in Margaret and her children and treated them as his own family. Joan and her siblings grew up with Edward III’s children, including Edward, Prince of Wales, Joan’s future husband.

Joan’s elder brother, five-year-old Edmund, inherited the Earldom of Kent in 1331, a year after his father had been attainted. His mother petitioned King Edward III who reversed the condemnation of Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent, and recognized his heir as Earl of Kent. Little Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent died shortly afterward and his infant brother John became the 3rd Earl of Kent. Joan’s mother Margaret briefly succeeded her brother as 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell in 1349 but died during an outbreak of the plague that autumn. When his mother died,  John, 3rd Earl of Kent succeeded his mother as 4th Baron Wake of Liddell. John, 3rd Earl of Kent and 4th Baron Wake of Liddell died in 1352 and his only surviving sibling, Joan became 4th Countess of Kent and 5th Baroness Wake of Liddell.

In 1340, 12-year-old Joan secretly married Thomas Holland without permission from King Edward III as was required. Thomas then left for overseas military duty and the Crusades. A year or two later, Joan was forced by her family to marry William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury.  Lord Salisbury entered into the marriage in good faith, without knowing that Joan had secretly married Thomas Holland. Upon returning to England in 1348, Thomas Holland declared that Joan was his wife and demanded that she be restored to him. An inquiry determined that Joan had indeed been married to Thomas Holland and that that marriage was valid, and therefore, Lord Salisbury’s marriage to Joan was invalid. In 1352, when his brother-in-law John, 3rd Earl of Kent died, Thomas Holland became Earl of Kent in right of his wife. The couple remained together for eleven years until the death of Thomas Holland on December 26, 1360.

Thomas Holland from the Bruges Garter Book, 1430/1440; Credit – Wikipedia

Joan and Thomas had five children. Through the daughters of their son Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, they are the ancestors of many prominent figures in the Wars of the Roses, including Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (father of King Edward IV and King Richard III), Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII) and his wife Elizabeth of York (daughter of King Edward IV), Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (the Kingmaker) and his daughter Anne Neville (wife of King Richard III). They were also ancestors of Catherine Parr, the sixth and last wife of King Henry VIII.

• Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (1350/1354 – 1397), married Lady Alice FitzAlan, had issue
• John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (circa 1352 – 1400), married Elizabeth of Lancaster, a daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (son of King Edward III), had issue
• Edmund Holland (c. 1354), died young
• Lady Joan Holland (1356–1384), married John IV, Duke of Brittany, no issue
• Lady Maud Holland (1359–1391), married (1) Hugh Courtenay, no issue (2) Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, had issue

Joan was a widow for less than a year before she married Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), her first cousin once removed and the son and heir of King Edward III of England, on October 10, 1361, at Windsor Castle. In 1362, Edward was invested as Prince of Aquitaine, a region of France that belonged to the English crown since the marriage of Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine and King Henry II.  Joan and Edward then moved to Bordeaux, the capital of Aquitaine, where they spent the next nine years. Both of their children were born in France:

• Edward of Angoulême (1365 – 1372), died of the plague at the age of five
• Richard of Bordeaux, later King Richard II of England (1367 – 1400), married (1) Anne of Bohemia, no issue (2) Isabella of Valois, no issue

Edward of Angouleme and Joan of Kent, depicted  on the Wilton Diptych, 1395; Credit – Wikipedia

Richard II of England, portrait at Westminster Abbey, mid-1390s; Credit – Wikipedia

On June 7, 1376, a week before his forty-sixth birthday, Edward, Prince of Wales died at the Palace of Westminster after suffering from an illness for ten years. His father King Edward III died a year later, on June 21, 1377, and was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson King Richard II, the surviving son of Joan and Edward.

Tomb of Edward, Prince of Wales at Canterbury Cathedral; Photo Credit – Susan Flantzer

Joan died at the age of 57 on August 7, 1385, at Wallingford Castle. She requested to be buried beside her first husband at the Church of the Greyfriars, a Franciscan friary in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England which was destroyed during King Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited
Joan. “Jeanne de Kent.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Oct. 1328. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
“Joan of Kent.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Oct. 2016. Web. 3 Dec. 2016.
Williamson, David. Brewer’s British Royalty. London: Cassell, 1996. Print.

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Edward, Prince of Wales as Knight of the Order of the Garter, illustration from the Bruges Garter Book; Credit -Wikipedia

Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales was born at Woodstock Palace near Oxford in Oxfordshire, England, on June 15, 1330. He was the eldest of the fourteen children of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Today, Edward of Woodstock is commonly referred to as “The Black Prince” although he was not called that in his lifetime. The first appearance of the reference occurred more than 150 years after his death. It may refer to Edward’s black shield, and/or his black armor, or his brutal reputation, particularly towards the French in Aquitaine.

Edward of Woodstock was one of the seven Princes of Wales who never became King. The others are:

• Edward of Westminster, predeceased his father, King Henry VI, who was later deposed
• Edward of Middleham, predeceased his father, King Richard III, who lost his crown and his life two years later at the Battle of Bosworth Field
• Arthur Tudor, predeceased his father, King Henry VII
• Henry Frederick Stuart, predeceased his father, King James I
• James Francis Edward Stuart, his father, King James II, who was deposed
• Frederick Louis, predeceased his father, King George II

Edward had thirteen siblings:

• Isabella of England (1332 – 1379) married Enguerrand VII de Coucy, 1st Earl of Bedford, had issue
• Joan of England (1333/1334/1335 – 1348), died of the plague on the way to marry Pedro of Castile
• William of Hatfield (born and died 1337)
• Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (1338 – 1368), married (1) Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster, had issue (2) Violante Visconti, no issue
• John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340 – 1399), married (1) Blanche of Lancaster, had issue, including King Henry IV of England (2) Infanta Constance of Castile, had issue (3) Katherine Swynford (formerly his mistress), had issue
• Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341 – 1402), married (1) Infanta Isabella of Castile, had issue (2) Joan Holland, no issue
• Blanche of the Tower (born and died March 1342)
• Mary of Waltham (1344 – 1362), married John V, Duke of Brittany, no issue
• Margaret of Windsor, Countess of Pembroke (1346 – 1361), married John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, no issue
• Thomas of Windsor (1347 – 1348), died of the plague
• William of Windsor (born and died 1348), died of the plague
• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355 – 1397), married Eleanor de Bohun, had issue

In 1333, three-year-old Edward was created Earl of Chester, and four years later, he was created Duke of Cornwall, the first creation of a dukedom in England. In 1343, he was created Prince of Wales.  Marriage negotiations for a bride for Edward started when he was seven years old. His father’s first choice was a French princess, hoping that such a marriage would break up France and Scotland’s alliance, but nothing came of this possibility. Likewise, nothing came of negotiations with King Afonso IV of Portugal or John III, Duke of Brabant, for the hands of their daughters.

Queen Philippa chose her almoner, philosopher Walter Burley, as Edward’s tutor. Edward was educated with a small group of companions. One of these companions, Simon de Burley, a relative of Walter Burley, became Edward’s lifelong friend and was later trusted with the education of Edward’s son, the future King Richard II.  Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny conducted Edward’s knightly and military training. Manny taught Edward the code of chivalry and the art of jousting. Edward participated in small tournaments and served as a page to his father at large tournaments.

Battle of Crécy from an illuminated manuscript of Jean Froissart’s Chronicles; Credit – Wikipedia

Best known for his military career in the Hundred Years War, Edward accompanied his father to France in the summer of 1346, participating in the Battle of Crécy, his first major battle, on August 26, 1346, where the English had a decisive victory. 16-year-old Edward, Prince of Wales commanded the vanguard with John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford, Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, and Sir John Chandos.  Edward was one of the 25 founding knights (the second knight after his father, King Edward III) of the Order of the Garter in 1348. On September 19, 1356, Edward distinguished himself by winning a great victory at the Battle of Poitiers, taking King John II of France prisoner. Edward served as Lieutenant of Aquitaine from 1355 to 1372 and was created Prince of Aquitaine in 1362.

Edward, the Black Prince, is granted Aquitaine by his father, King Edward III; Credit – Wikipedia

Edward married Joan, 4th Countess of Kent, his father’s first cousin, on October 10, 1361, at Windsor Castle.  Joan was the daughter and heiress of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, the younger son of King Edward I of England by his second wife, Margaret of France. In 1362, Edward was invested as Prince of Aquitaine, a region of France that had belonged to the English crown since the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and King Henry II.  Joan and Edward then moved to Bordeaux, the capital of Aquitaine, where they spent the next nine years.

Both of their children were born in France:

• Edward of Angoulême (1365 – 1372), died of the plague at the age of five
• Richard of Bordeaux, later King Richard II of England (1367 – 1400), married (1) Anne of Bohemia, no issue (2) Isabella of Valois, no issue

Edward of Angouleme and Joan of Kent, depicted on the 1395 Wilton Diptych; Credit – Wikipedia

Richard II of England, portrait at Westminster Abbey, mid-1390s; Credit – Wikipedia

Around the time of the birth of his younger son, Edward was lured into an unsuccessful war on behalf of King Pedro of Castile.  Edward contracted an illness during this war that ailed him until he died in 1376. It was believed that he contracted dysentery, which killed more medieval soldiers than battle, but it is unlikely that he could survive a ten-year battle with dysentery. Other possible diagnoses include edema, nephritis, or cirrhosis. By 1371, Edward could no longer perform his duties as Prince of Aquitaine and returned to England. In 1372, he forced himself to attempt one final campaign, hoping to save his father’s French possessions, but the prevailing winds off the shores of France prevented the ships from landing, and the campaign was aborted.

Edward’s health was now completely shattered. On June 8, 1376, a week before his forty-sixth birthday, Edward died at the Palace of Westminster. His father, King Edward III, died a year later, on June 21, 1377, and was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II, the surviving son of Edward the Black Prince. Edward had requested to be buried in the crypt at Canterbury Cathedral. He was buried at Canterbury Cathedral, but not in the crypt. He was buried in a tomb with a bronze effigy on the south side of the shrine of Thomas Becket behind the choir. Edward’s heraldic helmet and gauntlets were placed above his tomb. Today, replicas hang above his tomb, and the originals are in a glass case nearby. The epitaph inscribed around his effigy:

Such as thou art, sometime was I.
Such as I am, such shalt thou be.
I thought little on th’our of Death
So long as I enjoyed breath.
On earth I had great riches
Land, houses, great treasure, horses, money and gold.
But now a wretched captive am I,
Deep in the ground, lo here I lie.
My beauty great, is all quite gone,
My flesh is wasted to the bone.

Tomb of Edward the Black Prince at Canterbury Cathedral; Photo Credit – Susan Flantzer

Replicas of Edward’s heraldic helmet, gauntlets, etc. above his tomb; Photo Credit – Susan Flantzer

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Works Cited
“Edward, the black prince.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Nov. 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016.
Joelson, Annette. England’s Princes of Wales. New York: Dorset Press, 1966. Print.
Toulouse illustrée, Histoire de. “Édouard de Woodstock.” Wikipedia. N.p.: Wikimedia Foundation, 23 June 1330. Web. 1 Dec. 2016.
Williamson, David. Brewer’s British Royalty. London: Cassell, 1996. Print.

Queen Victoria replica by Sir George Hayter, oil on canvas, 1863 (1838), NPG 1250 © National Portrait Gallery, London

The much-anticipated series about Queen Victoria, Victoria, will begin an eight-week run on Masterpiece on PBS stations in the United States on Sunday, January 15, 2017 and continue through March 5, 2017. Check your local PBS station for the dates and time. The series was shown on ITV in the United Kingdom from August 28, 2016 through October 9, 2016. Jenna Coleman, who was in Doctor Who for three years, plays Queen Victoria. ITV has renewed Victoria for a second season, so we can expect to see the second season sometime in the future on PBS.

• PBS: Masterpiece – Victoria

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Here at Unofficial Royalty, we have a number of Queen Victoria resources. Please check out the links below. Enjoy!

• Unofficial Royalty: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
• Unofficial Royalty: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, The Prince Consort
• Unofficial Royalty: Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
• Unofficial Royalty: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (Victoria’s father, son of King George III)
• Unofficial Royalty: Victoria of Saxe-Saalfeld-Gotha, Duchess of Kent (Victoria’s mother)
• Unofficial Royalty: Princess Charlotte of Wales (Victoria’s cousin who died in childbirth)
• Unofficial Royalty: Death of Princess Charlotte of Wales in childbirth and its impact on the succession to the British throne
• Unofficial Royalty: Queen Victoria’s Children and Grandchildren (articles on Queen Victoria’s nine children and their spouses and all her grandchildren and all their spouses)
• Unofficial Royalty: Hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s Family
• Unofficial Royalty: December 14 – Queen Victoria’s Dire Day
• Unofficial Royalty: Bibliography of Royal Biographies: Queen Victoria and Family