Monthly Archives: September 2017

October 1917: Royalty and World War I

by Susan Flantzer

  • Captain The Honorable Patrick Julian Harry Stanley Ogilvy
  • Timeline: October 1, 1917 – October 31, 1917
  • A Note About German Titles
  • October 1917 – Royals/Nobles/Peers/Sons of Peers Who Died In Action

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Captain The Honorable Patrick Julian Harry Stanley Ogilvy

Grave of Captain The Honorable Patrick Julian Harry Stanley Ogilvy on the right; Photo Credit – www.findagrave.com

Captain The Honourable Patrick Julian Harry Stanley Ogilvy was born June 26, 1896, at Cortachy Castle in Kirriemuir, Scotland. He was the third of the three sons and the youngest of the six children of David Ogilvy, 11th Earl of Airlie and Lady Mabell Gore,  daughter of Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran  Some royalty aficionados may recognize the name Ogilvy. Patrick was the paternal uncle of The Honourable Sir Agnus Ogilvy who married Princess Alexandra of Kent, the granddaughter of King George V and the first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.

Patrick had three elder sisters and two elder brothers:

  • Lady Kitty Ogilvy (1887 – 1969), married (1) Brig.-Gen. Sir Berkeley Vincent, had two children who both died young in 1914, divorced 1925 (2) Lt.-Col. Ralph Gerald Ritson, no children
  • Lady Helen Ogilvy (1890 – 1973), married (1) Major Hon. Clement Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, had two daughters (2) Lt.-Col. Henry Brocklehurst, had one son, divorced 1931 (3) Lt.-Col. Harold Nutting, no children
  • Lady Mabell Ogilvy (1892 – 1918), unmarried
  • David Ogilvy, 12th Earl of Airlie (1893 – 1968), married Lady Alexandra Coke, had six children including The Honourable Sir Agnus Ogilvy who married Princess Alexandra of Kent
  • The Honorable Bruce Arthur Ashley Ogilvy (1895 – 1976), married Primrose O’Brien, no children

When Patrick was four-years-old, his father 44-year-old David Ogilvy, 11th Earl of Airlie was killed in action at the Battle of Diamond Hill in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa on June 11, 1900, during the Second Boer War. The 11th Ear of Airlie was succeeded by his seven-year-old son David who became the 12th Earl of Airlie.

Patrick was educated at Wellington College, a boarding and day independent school located in Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. Many former Wellington students fought in the trenches during World War I right after finishing school, volunteering for military action. 707 of them, including Patrick, lost their lives. After Patrick finished Wellington, he matriculated in 1914 at Christ Church, Oxford.  However, on October 6, 1914, two months after the start of World War I, 18-year-old Patrick enlisted and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Irish Guards.

The Irish Guards going up a communication trench. Elverdinghe, July 30, 1917; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Patrick fought in the Battle of the Somme in Belgium, one of the bloodiest battles in human history. On September 25, 1916, he was awarded the Military Cross which is awarded for “an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces”. Patrick’s commendation read: “For conspicuous gallantry in action. He led his company with great dash, and, on reaching the final objective, was the senior officer in the front line. He dealt with a difficult situation with great skill and determination, consolidating his position, and getting into touch with the battalions on his flanks. All this was carried out under heavy shellfire.” On July 22, 1917, Patrick was promoted to the rank of Captain.

Military Cross from 1916; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

The Battle of Passchendaele,  also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, was a campaign of World War I, fought by the Allies against the German Empire on the Western Front in Belgium from July to November 1917. To commemorate the centenary, King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium, The Prince of Wales, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence (husband of The Princess Royal) attended commemorations for the bloody battle on July 30-31, 2017 in Ypres, Belgium. An estimated half a million soldiers from both sides were killed or wounded.

Embed from Getty Images 

During the Battle of Passchendaele, on October 9, 1917, 21-year-old Captain The Honourable Patrick Ogilvy was commanding No.1 Company of the 1st Irish Guard. During the previous night, Patrick and his men had marched through rain, mud, and crossed a river through three feet of water. Their objective was to reach the edge of the Houthulst Forest. There were some casualties from snipers in shell holes and enemy aircraft soared above them. The sniping got worse as the officers tried to form a flank on the right. Casualties among the officers were particularly heavy as they were conspicuous in organizing their men. Help from a counterattack never came. Eventually, a battalion of the Hampshires came up on the right. The Hampshires and the Irish Guards dug in as best they could and spent the night in the open among the shell holes, under constant artillery and sniper attack.  Every company commander was killed or wounded. Patrick was one of those who was killed.

Captain The Honorable Patrick Ogilvy was buried at the Cement House Cemetery, a British military cemetery in the Belgian village of Langemark.

Cement House Cemetery; Photo Credit – Door Wernervc – Eigen werk, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30314761

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Timeline: October 1, 1917 – October 31, 1917

The morning after the First Battle of Passchendaele, a sunburst through the clouds is shown against a landscape of destroyed land with a shell hole in the foreground; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

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A Note About German Titles

Many German royals and nobles died in World War I. The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent states, most of them ruled by royal families. Scroll down to German Empire here to see what constituent states made up the German Empire.  The constituent states retained their own governments, but had limited sovereignty. Some had their own armies, but the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. In wartime, armies of all the constituent states would be controlled by the Prussian Army and the combined forces were known as the Imperial German Army.  German titles may be used in Royals Who Died In Action below. Refer to Unofficial Royalty: Glossary of German Noble and Royal Titles.

24 British peers were also killed in World War I and they will be included in the list of those who died in action. In addition, more than 100 sons of peers also lost their lives, and those that can be verified will also be included.

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October 1917 – Royals/Nobles/Peers/Sons of Peers Who Died In Action

The list is in chronological order and does contain some who would be considered noble instead of royal. The links in the last bullet for each person is that person’s genealogical information from Leo’s Genealogics Website. http://www.genealogics.org/index.php or to The Peerage website http://www.thepeerage.com If a person has a Wikipedia page or a website page with biographical information, their name will be linked to that page.

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Photo Credit – https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org

2nd Lieutenant The Honourable Denis Bertram Sydney Buxton

Note: Denis Bertram Sydney Buxton, was the third, but the only surviving, son of Viscount Buxton, later 1st Earl Buxton. Because the Earl’s three sons predeceased him, his titles became extinct upon his death.

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Captain The Honourable Patrick Julian Harry Stanley Ogilvy
(see article above)

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Private The Honorable Michael Francis Stafford Howard

Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing; Photo Credit – http://www.cwgc.org

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Captain The Honorable Henry Simon Feilding

Note: His elder brother Lieutenant Commander The Honorable Hugh Cecil Robert Feilding was killed in action on May 31, 1916, age 29, when the HMS Defence sunk during the Battle of Jutland in the North Sea with the loss of all men on board.

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Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Margravine of Baden

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Margravine of Baden; source: Wikipedia

Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt was the first wife of the Karl Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, who would later become the first Grand Duke of Baden. She was born in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, now in Hesse, Germany, on July 11, 1723, the youngest child of Ludwig VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Charlotte, Countess of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Karoline Luise had two older siblings:

After her mother’s death when Karoline Luise was just three, she was raised in Buchsweiler by her father. A very talented child, she learned to speak five languages and developed a love for the arts. As an adult, she maintained a correspondence with Voltaire and worked to establish Karlsruhe as one of the cultural centers of Europe, often hosting noted writers and musicians. A talented artist and musician herself, Karoline Luise was a member of Baden’s court orchestra and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. In addition to her artistic interests, she was also a student of the natural sciences and had a laboratory in Karlsruhe where she often conducted experiments. Her numerous collections – including artwork, musical manuscripts, minerals, and other natural history artifacts – later formed the foundation for several museums in Karlsruhe.

Karl Friedrich of Baden. source: Wikipedia

Karoline Luise married Karl Friedrich on January 28, 1751, in Darmstadt. Together they had five children:

Titled Margravine of Baden-Durlach from her marriage, she became Margravine of Baden in October 1771 when Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden were reunited as one Margraviate.

After falling down some stairs in 1779, her health began to deteriorate. While in Paris, France with her son, she suffered a stroke on April 8, 1783, and died. She is buried in St. Michael’s Church in Pforzheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Baden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Grand Duchy of Baden: In 1738, ten-year-old, Karl Friedrich succeeded as Margrave of Baden-Durlach upon his grandfather’s death. Baden-Durlach was one of the branches of the Margraviate of Baden, which had been divided several times over the previous 500 years. When August George, the last Margrave of Baden-Baden, died in 1771 without heirs, Karl Friedrich inherited the territory. This brought all of the Baden territories together once again, and Karl Friedrich became Margrave of Baden. Upon the end of the Holy Roman Empire, Karl Friedrich declared himself sovereign, as Grand Duke of the newly created Grand Duchy of Baden. Friedrich II, the last Grand Duke of Baden formally abdicated the throne of Baden on November 22, 1918. The land that encompassed the Grand Duchy of Baden is now located in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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source: Wikipedia

Karl Friedrich was the first Grand Duke of Baden, reigning from 1806 until 1811. He was born in Karlsruhe, Margraviate of Baden-Durlach, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany on November 22, 1728, the son of Hereditary Prince Friedrich of Baden-Durlach and Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz. Karl Friedrich had one younger brother:

  • Wilhelm Ludwig (1732 – 1788), married Wilhelmine Christine Schortmann morganatically, had issue

In 1738, at just ten years old, Karl Friedrich succeeded as Margrave of Baden-Durlach upon his grandfather’s death. Baden-Durlach was one of the branches of the ancient Margraviate of Baden, which had been divided several times over the previous 500 years. When the last Margrave of Baden-Baden, August Georg, died in 1771 without heirs, Karl Friedrich inherited the territory. This brought all of the Baden territories together once again, and Karl Friedrich became Margrave of Baden.

Baden’s domains were widespread, and Karl Friedrich made it his mission to try and gain some of the territory in between. When he joined forces with Austria in the war with France in 1792, Baden had to give up his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. But a few years later, fighting along with the Russians against Napoleon, he was able to expand Baden, and the Margraviate was elevated to an Electorate within the Holy Roman Emperor.

Karl Friedrich further expanded Baden when, in 1805, he fought on the side of the French, gaining territories from the Austrian Empire. In 1806, he joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and upon the end of the Holy Roman Empire, Karl Friedrich declared himself sovereign, as Grand Duke of the newly created Grand Duchy of Baden. He continued to support the French, and in the Peace of Vienna in 1809, and gained more territory from the Kingdom of Württemberg. Through his efforts, Karl Friedrich had quadrupled the size of the Grand Duchy of Baden by the end of his reign.

Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt. source: Wikipedia

Karl Friedrich was married twice. His first wife was Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, who he married on January 28, 1751. She was the daughter of Ludwig VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Karl Friedrich and Karoline Luise had four children:

Luise Karoline, Baroness Geyer von Geyersberg. source: Wikipedia

Following Karoline Luise’s death in 1783, Karl Friedrich married again – morganatically – on November 24, 1787. His bride was Luise Karoline, Baroness Geyer von Geyersberg. She was created Baroness of Hochberg – and later Countess of Hochberg – a title which would pass to their five children, Years later, in 1817, the children from this marriage were given succession rights and were elevated to Prince/Princess of Baden.

At the age of 82, Grand Duke Karl Friedrich I on June 10, 1811, in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He was buried in St. Michael’s Church in Pforzheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Baden Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Hereditary Prince Jacques of Monaco, Marquis of Baux

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

2023

Hereditary Prince Jacques of Monaco, Marquis of Baux is the younger of the twin children of Prince Albert II of Monaco and his wife Princess Charlene (born Charlene Wittstock). Jacques was born on December 10, 2014, two minutes after his twin sister Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès at The Princess Grace Hospital Centre in Monaco. Jacques is first in the line of succession to the throne of Monaco. Because the succession to the throne is male-preference cognatic primogeniture, Jacques is ahead of his sister Gabriella in the line of succession even though she was born first.

 

Jacques has an elder half-sister and an elder half-brother from Prince Albert’s previous relationships. Prince Albert said his two children born out of wedlock would not be in line to the Monegasque throne, but that they would be taken care of financially.

 

Jacques was baptized along with his twin sister Gabriella at the Cathedral of Monaco  in Monaco by Bernard Barsi, Archbishop of Monaco on May 10, 2015. He was given the names Jacques Honoré Rainier:

  • Jacques: in honor of Prince Jacques I of Monaco and it is a common name in Princess Charlene’s homeland Zimbabwe
  • Honoré: the name of five Sovereign Princes of Monaco
  • Rainier: in honor of his paternal grandfather Prince Rainier III of Monaco

Jacques’ godparents were Christopher Le Vine Jr., a maternal first cousin of Prince Albert and Diane de Polignac Nigra, a paternal first cousin once removed of Prince Albert. Jacques and Gabriella wore Baby Dior cotton christening gowns embellished with Calais lace, floral embroidery, pleated detailing, and each baby’s own monogram.

In 2018, Prince Jacques and his twin sister Princess Gabriella began to attend La Petite Ecole, a private pre-school in Port Hercule, Monaco. From 2019 – 2021, they attended Stella School, a public school in the district of Condamine in Monaco. In the fall of 2021, they began to attend L’Institution François d’Assise-Nicolas Barré (link in French) a private Catholic school.

Gabriella and Jacques with their parents, 2022

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Principality of Monaco Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • Beauty, H., Film, T., Kate, W. and Beauty, H. (2017). Princess Charlene and Prince Albert’s twins Princess Gabriella and Prince Jacques are baptised. [online] HOLA. Available at: http://us.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2015051025113/princess-charlene-prince-albert-twins-baptism/ [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Monaco [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • Fr.wikipedia.org. (2017). Jacques de Monaco. [online] Available at: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Monaco [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • Orderofsplendor.blogspot.com. (2017). Royal Fashion Awards: Monaco’s Twin Christening. [online] Available at: http://orderofsplendor.blogspot.com/2015/05/royal-fashion-awards-monacos-twin.html [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].

Princess Gabriella of Monaco, Countess of Carladès

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

2023

Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès is the elder of the twin children of Prince Albert II of Monaco and his wife Princess Charlene (born Charlene Wittstock). Gabriella was born on December 10, 2014, two minutes before her twin brother Hereditary Prince Jacques of Monaco, Marquis of Baux at The Princess Grace Hospital Centre in Monaco. Gabriella is second in the line of succession to the throne of Monaco. Because the succession to the throne is male-preference cognatic primogeniture, Gabriella’s brother Jacques is ahead of her in the line of succession even though she was born first.

 

Gabriella has an elder half-sister and an elder half-brother from Prince Albert’s previous relationships. Prince Albert said his two children born out of wedlock would not be in line to the Monegasque throne, but that they would be taken care of financially.

 

Gabriella was baptized along with her twin brother Jacques at the Cathedral of Monaco in Monaco by Bernard Barsi, Archbishop of Monaco on May 10, 2015. She was given the names Gabriella Thérèse Marie:

Gabriella’s godparents were Gareth Wittstock, her maternal uncle, and Nerine Pienaar, the wife of retired South African rugby player Francois Pienaar, a longtime friend of Princess Charlene. Gabriella and Jacques wore Baby Dior cotton christening gowns embellished with Calais lace, floral embroidery, pleated detailing, and each baby’s own monogram.

Gabriella and Jacques with their parents, 2022

In 2018, Princess Gabriella and her twin brother began to attend La Petite Ecole, a private pre-school institution in Port Hercule, Monaco. From 2019 – 2021, they attended Stella School, a public school in the district of Condamine in Monaco. In the fall of 2021, they began to attend L’Institution François d’Assise-Nicolas Barré (link in French) a private Catholic school.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Beauty, H., Film, T., Kate, W. and Beauty, H. (2017). Princess Charlene and Prince Albert’s twins Princess Gabriella and Prince Jacques are baptised. [online] HOLA. Available at: http://us.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2015051025113/princess-charlene-prince-albert-twins-baptism/ [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Gabriella,_Countess_of_Carlad%C3%A8s [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • Fr.wikipedia.org. (2017). Gabriella de Monaco. [online] Available at: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriella_de_Monaco [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • Orderofsplendor.blogspot.com. (2017). Royal Fashion Awards: Monaco’s Twin Christening. [online] Available at: http://orderofsplendor.blogspot.com/2015/05/royal-fashion-awards-monacos-twin.html [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].

Princess Antoinette of Monaco, Baroness de Massy

by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Photo Credit – AFP

Born on December 28, 1920, in Paris, France, Princess Antoinette of Monaco, Baroness de Massy (Antoinette Louise Alberte Suzanne), was the elder of the two children of Princess Charlotte of Monaco, Duchess of Valentinois and Count Pierre de Polignac.  Antoinette had one younger brother:

 

Antoinette’s mother Charlotte was the illegitimate daughter of the future Prince Louis II of Monaco and his mistress Marie Juliette Louvet. Her parents had met the previous year in Paris, where Marie was working as a hostess in a nightclub. Because Louis was unmarried and without an heir, the Monegasque throne was likely to pass to a distant cousin, the German Duke of Urach. In order to avoid this, Louis’ father, Prince Albert I, had a law passed recognizing Charlotte as Louis’ heir and part of the princely family. Her grandfather created her HSH Princess Charlotte of Monaco and Duchess of Valentinois. Upon Louis’ accession in 1922, Charlotte became the Hereditary Princess of Monaco. Charlotte and her husband Pierre divorced in 1933. Having been born illegitimate, and now divorced, Charlotte knew that she would never be fully accepted by the very Catholic Monaco, so she renounced her rights to the Monegasque throne in May 1944 in favor of her son Rainer.

Antoinette married three times:

(1) Princess Antoinette had a long-term affair with Alexandre-Athenase Noghès, a tennis player. The couple had three illegitimate children who were later legitimized when their parents married in 1951. The couple divorced three years later. In 1951, Antoinette was created Baroness de Massy. Her children’s original surname was Grimaldi, the surname of the Princely Family of Monaco. The children changed their surname to de Massy and began to use the titles Baron and Baroness although not entitled to do so. After they were legitimized, Antoinette’s children were in the line of succession to the throne of Monaco until the death of Prince Rainier II in 2005.

  • Baroness Elisabeth-Anne de Massy (1947 – 2020), married  (1) Baron Bernard Alexandre Taubert-Natta, had one son, divorced (2) Nicolai Vladimir Costello, had one daughter
  • Baron Christian Louis de Massy (born 1949), married  (1) María Marta Quintana y del Carril, had one daughter, divorced  (2)  Anne Michelle Lütken, no children  (3)  Julia Lakschin, no children, divorced  (4)  Cécile Irène Gelabale, had two sons
  • Baroness Christine Alix de Massy (1951 – 1989), married  (1) Charles Wayne Knecht, had one son, divorced  (2)  Leon Leroy, no children

(2) Princess Antoinette married Dr. Jean-Charles Rey, President of the Conseil National, Monaco’s legislature, in 1961. Before they married, Antoinette and Rey had a long-term affair. During the 1950s, Antoinette and Rey sought to obtain the throne of Monaco for Antoinette’s son Christian. They spread malicious rumors that Prince Rainier’s fiancée, actress Gisèle Pascal, was unable to have children. This resulted in the cancellation of Rainier and Gisèle’s engagement and Antoinette’s estrangement from the princely family for years.  She did not fully reconcile with her family until after the death of Princess Grace in 1982. Antoinette and Rey had no children and divorced in 1974.

(3) In 1983, Princess Antoinette married a former British ballet dancer John Gilpin. Gilpin died from a heart attack six weeks after marrying Antoinette.

After her estrangement from her family, Antoinette lived in her villa Le Bout de Monde in Èze-sur-Mer on the French Riviera with her many dogs and cats. She was the president of Monaco’s Society for the Protection of Animals.

Princess Antoinette and her third husband John Gilpin

 

Princess Antoinette died at The Princess Grace Hospital Centre on March 18, 2011, at age 90. She was buried at the Chapelle de la Paix in Monaco beside her parents, her daughter Christine who died in 1989, and her last husband John Gilpin. Stefano Casiraghi, second husband of her niece Princess Caroline, who died in a boating accident in 1990, and Princess Antoinette’s daughter Elisabeth who died in 2020 are also buried at the Chapelle de la Paix.

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • De.wikipedia.org. (2017). Antoinette Grimaldi. [online] Available at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Grimaldi [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Antoinette,_Baroness_of_Massy [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • Fr.wikipedia.org. (2017). Antoinette de Monaco. [online] Available at: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_de_Monaco [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2017). Princess Charlotte of Monaco, Duchess of Valentinois. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/september-30-1898-birth-of-princess-charlotte-of-monaco-duchess-of-valentinois/ [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017].

Queen Zein of Jordan

by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Photo Credit – Wikipedia

The wife of King Talal and the mother of King Hussein I, Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamal was born on August 2, 1916, in Alexandria, Egypt. She was the eldest of the two children of Sharif Jamal bin Nasser, Governor of Hauran and Wijdan Hanim. Her father was the nephew of Sharif Hussein bin Ali of Mecca  (the father of King Abdullah I of Jordan) and her mother was the daughter of Shakir Pasha, Governor of Cyprus. Zein had one brother and one sister:

  • Sharif Nasser bin Jamal (1927 – 1979), Commander-in-Chief of the Jordanian Armed Forces
  • Sharifa Nafea bint Jamal

On November 27, 1934, Zein married her first cousin Prince Talal bin Abdullah, the eldest son of the future King Abdullah I of Jordan. The couple had six children:

Zein’s four surviving children: Hassan, Hussein, Basma, and Muhammad; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

On July 20, 1951, Talal’s father, King Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated as he entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem, probably because of his moderate attitude towards Israel. The assassin was Mustapha Shukri Usho, a 21-year-old tailor from Jerusalem who belonged to a group that wanted to prevent a permanent division of Palestine by Jordan and Israel. King Abdullah had been accompanied by Zein’s 15-year-old eldest son, the future King Hussein I of Jordan.  Hussein was at his grandfather’s side and was hit too, but a medal that had been pinned to Hussein’s chest at his grandfather’s insistence deflected the bullet and saved his life.

At the time of his father’s death, Talal was in a sanatorium in Switzerland being treated for a nervous breakdown. At first, it was unsure whether Talal would succeed his father due to his mental condition, but on September 5, 1951, he was proclaimed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and Zein became Queen Zein al-Sharaf Talal. On June 4, 1952, the Jordanian Cabinet announced that it was necessary to form a Regency Council because Talal’s condition had worsened despite the treatment he was receiving in Switzerland. The Jordanian Parliament declared Talal mentally unfit on August 11, 1952, and proclaimed his eldest son Hussein as king.

 

Queen Zein played a major role in the formation of the Jordanian state. In 1944, Zein founded the first women’s association in Jordan. She established the women’s branch of the Jordanian Red Crescent (affiliated with the Red Cross) in 1948 and organized assistance to Palestinian refugees during the Arab-Israeli war in 1949. She participated in the writing of the Jordan Constitution in 1952, which guaranteed women’s rights. After the assassination of King Abdullah I in 1951, Zein held the power while the newly proclaimed King Talal was treated outside the country. She again took the reins of power in August 1952, when her son Hussein was proclaimed king, until May 1953, when he turned eighteen and assumed full constitutional duties. During the reign of her son, King Hussein I, Zein was an influential figure behind the scenes.

Queen Zein died on April 26, 1994, at the age of 86 in a hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland where she was being treated for a heart ailment. She was buried the next day at the Royal Cemetery, near Raghadan Palace within the Royal Compound (Al-Maquar).

Princess Basma, Queen Zein’s daughter, visits her mother’s tomb on the anniversary of her death; Photo Credit – http://www.jordantimes.com

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited:

  • Ar.wikipedia.org. (2017). زين الشرف بنت جميل. [online] Available at: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84 [Accessed 26 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Zein Al-Sharaf Talal. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zein_Al-Sharaf_Talal [Accessed 26 Jul. 2017].
  • PACE, E. (2017). Mother of King Of Jordan Is Dead at 86. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/27/obituaries/mother-of-king-of-jordan-is-dead-at-86.html [Accessed 26 Jul. 2017].
  • Ru.wikipedia.org. (2017). Зейн аш-Шараф Талал. [online] Available at: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB [Accessed 26 Jul. 2017].
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2017). King Talal of Jordan. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/king-talal-of-jordan/ [Accessed 26 Jul. 2017].

King Talal of Jordan

by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Photo Credit – Wikipedia

King Talal of Jordan was born on February 26, 1909, in Mecca in the Hejaz, then part of the Ottoman Empire, now part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He was the only son and the second of the three children of the first King of Jordan, Abdullah I and his first and senior wife Musbah bint Nasser, the first Queen Consort of Jordan.

Talal had two full sisters:

  • Princess Haya (1907 – 1990), married Prince Abdul-Karim Ja’afar Zeid Dhaoui
  • Princess Munira (1915 – 1987), unmarried

Talal had two half-siblings from his father’s second wife Suzdil Khanum:

  • Prince Nayef (1914 – 1983), Princess Mihrimah Selcuk Sultana, had two sons
  • Princess Maqbula (1921 – 2001), married Prince Hussein bin Nasser, Prime Minister of Jordan, had one son and one daughter

Talal’s father had a third wife, Nahda bint Uma, but they had no children.

Talal was educated privately in Amman, Jordan. In 1927, he joined the Arab Legion, the regular army of Transjordan and then Jordan in the early part of the 20th century. From 1928-1929, he studied at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom. Talal served as an aide to his grandfather Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashim during his exile in Cyprus and then in Amman, Jordan. In 1933, Talal was promoted to the rank of Major in the Arab Legion, followed by promotions to Major-General (1941) and General (1948).

In 1934, Talal married his first cousin Zein Al Sharaf Bint Jamal. The couple had six children:

Talal’s four surviving children: Hassan, Hussein, Basma, and Muhammad; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

On July 20, 1951, Talal’s father, 69-year-old King Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated as he entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem, probably because of his moderate attitude towards Israel. The assassin was Mustapha Shukri Usho, a 21-year-old tailor from Jerusalem who belonged to a group that wanted to prevent a permanent division of Palestine by Jordan and Israel. King Abdullah had been accompanied by Talal’s 15-year-old eldest son, the future King Hussein I of Jordan.  Hussein was at his grandfather’s side and was hit too, but a medal that had been pinned to Hussein’s chest at his grandfather’s insistence deflected the bullet and saved his life.

At the time of his father’s death, Talal was in a sanatorium in Switzerland being treated for a nervous breakdown. At first, it was unsure whether Talal would succeed his father due to his mental condition, but on September 5, 1951, he was proclaimed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. On June 4, 1952, the Jordanian Cabinet announced that it was necessary to form a Regency Council because Talal’s condition had worsened despite the treatment he was receiving in Switzerland. The Jordanian Parliament declared Talal mentally unfit on August 11, 1952, and proclaimed his eldest son Hussein King of Jordan.

Talal died on July 7, 1972, in Istanbul, Turkey where he had spent the last years of his life in a sanatorium reportedly being treated for schizophrenia. He was buried in a mausoleum at the Royal Cemetery, near Raghadan Palace within the Royal Compound (Al-Maquar) in Amman, Jordan.

Royal Cemetery – Tombs of Kings Talal, Abdullah I, and Hussein I

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Talal of Jordan. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talal_of_Jordan [Accessed 24 Jul. 2017].
  • King Hussein I of Jordan. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/february-7-1999-death-of-king-hussein-of-jordan/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2017].
  • Nytimes.com. (2017). Ex‐King Talal of Jordan Dies; Abdicated in ’52 in Favor of Son. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/09/archives/exig-tat-t-of-jod-di-i-abdiated-in-52-in-favor-of-soni.html [Accessed 24 Jul. 2017].
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2017). Jordanian Royal Burial Sites. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/royal-burial-sites/jordanian-royal-burial-sites/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].

King Abdullah I of Jordan

by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2017

Photo Credit – Wikipedia

A Brief Background History: Transjordan was once part of the Ottoman Empire and became part of Palestine in 1917. In 1921, Transjordan became an autonomous division of Palestine under the leadership of Sharif Abdullah bin al-Hussein who then became Emir of Transjordan. Abdullah bin al-Hussein was the son of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca,  who was instrumental in starting the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. In 1916, Hussein bin Ali proclaimed himself King of Hejaz, a region of present-day Saudi Arabia, and also declared himself King of all Arabs. This last move enraged another Arab leader, Abdul Aziz Al Saud,  who defeated Hussein bin Ali in 1924, caused him to abdicate the throne of Hejaz, and then became the first King of Saudi Arabia. Hussein bin Ali’s three sons all became kings: Ali was briefly was King of Hejaz, Abdullah was King of Jordan, and Faisal was King of Iraq and Syria. Faisal was an important figure in the revolt against the Ottoman Empire and received assistance from British Army Captain T. E. Lawrence,  better known as Lawrence of Arabia. In 1946, Transjordan became a kingdom, Emir Abdullah was proclaimed the king, and the name of the country was changed from the Emirate of Transjordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. In 1948, the Parliament of Transjordan approved the creation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, which is the complete name of the country.

King Abdullah I of Jordan was the first King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. He was born His Royal Highness Prince Abdullah bin al-Hussein of Mecca and Hejaz in February 1882 in Mecca, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire, the third of the five children and the second of three sons of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca and his first wife Abdiyya Khanum. Mecca is now in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah in 1886 wearing a military uniform; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Abdullah had four full siblings:

Abdullah had one half-sister by his father’s second wife Madiha Khanum:

  • Princess Saleha, married Abdullah bin Muhammed

Abdullah had one half-sister and one half-brother by his father’s third wife Adila Khanum:

Abdullah with his two full-brothers: Seated in the front row from left to right: King Ali of the Hijaz, King Abdullah of Jordan, King Faisal of Iraq; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Abdullah had three wives. His first wife Musbah bint Nasser was the first Queen Consort of Jordan and Abdullah’s senior wife.

In 1904, Abdullah married his first wife Musbah bint Nasser. They had three children:

In 1913, Abdullah married his second wife Suzdil Khanum in 1913. They had two children:

  • Prince Nayef (1914 – 1983), Princess Mihrimah Selcuk Sultana, had two sons
  • Princess Maqbula (1921 – 2001), married Prince Hussein bin Nasser, Prime Minister of Jordan, had one son and one daughter

In 1949, Abdullah married his third wife Nahda bint Uman in 1949. They had no children.

In 1916, Abdullah took part in the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans with his brother Faisal. As a result, Abdullah was proclaimed King of Iraq on March 8, 1920, and on the same day, Faisal was proclaimed King of Syria. However, Abdullah refused the throne of Iraq. After his refusal, Faisal, who had just been defeated in Syria and was in need of a kingdom, accepted the position. In 1921, Abdullah was recognized by the United Kingdom as the Emir of Transjordan under British protectorate. In May 1946, Transjordan was released from the status of a British protectorate and recognized as the independent nation of Jordan and Abdullah became the first King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1949). In 1947, Abdullah was the only Arab ruler to accept the United Nation’s plan for Palestine. However, Jordan took part in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and annexed the territories of the West Bank captured by the Jordanian troops in Palestine.

King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, May 25, 1946; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

On July 20, 1951, 69-year-old King Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated as he entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem, probably because of his moderate attitude towards Israel. The assassin was Mustapha Shukri Usho, a 21-year-old tailor from Jerusalem who belonged to a group that wanted to prevent a permanent division of Palestine by Jordan and Israel. King Abdullah had been accompanied by his 15-year-old grandson, the future King Hussein I of Jordan.  Hussein was at his grandfather’s side and was hit too, but a medal that had been pinned to Hussein’s chest at his grandfather’s insistence deflected the bullet and saved his life. King Abdullah’s son succeeded him as King Talal and Talal’s son Hussein was named Crown Prince. However, King Talal suffered from mental illness and was forced to abdicate just a year later. The 16-year old Crown Prince became King Hussein I with a regency council established until he reached the age of 18.

King Abdullah I was buried in a mausoleum at the Royal Cemetery, near Raghadan Palace within the Royal Compound (Al-Maquar).

Royal Cemetery – Tombs of Kings Talal, Abdullah I, and Hussein I

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Works Cited

  • De.wikipedia.org. (2017). Abdallah ibn Husain I.. [online] Available at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Husain_I. [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Abdullah I of Jordan. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].
  • Nl.wikipedia.org. (2017). Abdoellah I van Jordanië. [online] Available at: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoellah_I_van_Jordani%C3%AB [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].
  • Nytimes.com. (2017). ABDULLAH LABORED TO UNITE NEAR EAST; KING OF JORDAN ON INSPECTION TOUR–ASSASSINATION SITE. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1951/07/21/archives/abdullah-labored-to-unite-near-east-king-of-jordan-on-inspection-to.html [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].
  • Times., A. (2017). Abdullah, Jordan King, Slain By an Arab in Old Jerusalem; ABDULLAH IS SLAIN IN OLD JERUSALEM. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1951/07/21/archives/abdullah-jordan-king-slain-by-an-arab-in-old-jerusalem-abdullah-is.html [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2017). Jordanian Royal Burial Sites. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/royal-burial-sites/jordanian-royal-burial-sites/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2017). King Hussein I of Jordan. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/february-7-1999-death-of-king-hussein-of-jordan/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017].

James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2017

James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell; Credit – Wikipedia

The third and last husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell was born about 1534 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the only son and the eldest of the two children of Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell and Agnes Sinclair, daughter of Henry Sinclair, 3rd Lord Sinclair.

Bothwell had one sister:

After Bothwell’s parents divorced in 1543, he was sent to be educated by his great-uncle Patrick Hepburn, Bishop of Moray at Spynie Palace, the seat of the Bishops of Moray. Bothwell was fluent in English and French. He had a special interest in mathematics and the works of ancient and contemporary authors writing about the strategies of war. In September 1556, Bothwell’s father died and he succeeded him as 4th Earl of Bothwell and as well as Lord High Admiral of Scotland.

Spynie Palace; Photo Credit – By Bill Reid – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David%27s_tower.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7456451

In 1547, when she was five years old, Mary, Queen of Scots went to France to be raised with her future husband, the future François II, King of France. Although a Protestant, Bothwell loyally served Marie of Guise. Marie was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, and served as regent in Mary’s absence.  She was extremely capable and set out to bring justice, peace, and prosperity to her adopted country. However, she did have to contend with the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. In 1559, John Knox, leader of the Scottish Reformation and the founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, started his fiery sermons, encouraging people to destroy images and desecrate churches. Soon, the entire country was on the verge of a civil war.

On October 31, 1559, Bothwell intercepted funds that Queen Elizabeth I had sent from England to support the Protestant rebels in Scotland. This action made him the life-long enemy of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, Mary’s (illegitimate) Protestant half-brother, and other members of the Lords of the Congregation, a group of Protestant Scottish nobles who favored a reformation of the church according to Protestant principles and a Scottish-English alliance. In retaliation, later that same year, Crichton Castle, one of Bothwell’s principal castles was laid to ruin by Protestant lords. Bothwell remained loyal to Marie of Guise and was entrusted by her to travel to Denmark and ask King Frederik II of Denmark and Norway for help. From there he was to go to France to obtain additional French troops and to meet with François II, King of France and his wife, Marie’s daughter Mary, Queen of Scots.

While in Denmark, Bothwell met Anna Thorndsen, the daughter of Kristoffer Throndsen, a famous 16th-century Norwegian admiral. Bothwell and Anna were married by handfasting, the ancient word for a wedding, which was traditionally recognized as a binding contract of marriage between a man and a woman and was a legal form of marriage in Denmark and Norway at that time. Anna then traveled with Bothwell to the Netherlands. He promptly used up her dowry and then left her. Later she traveled to Scotland to find him, but there was no reconciliation. There is an old Scottish ballad “Lady Anne Bothwell’s Lament,” in which the singer sings a lullaby to her baby son and recalls how his father seduced her and then left her. This could be a reference to Anna. Some historians believe Anna was the mother of Bothwell’s illegitimate son William Hepburn. Bothwell’s relationship with Anna would later be part of his final downfall.

After only a 17-month reign, François, King of France, aged 16, died in December 1560. Left a childless widow, Mary, Queen of Scots decided to return to Scotland. Her mother, who became Regent of Scotland in 1554, had died in June 1560. Mary returned to a very different Scotland from the one she had left as a child. Mary needed an heir, so a second marriage became necessary. Mary became infatuated with her Catholic first cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of King Henry VII of England. Mary and Darnley married at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland on July 29, 1565.

The marriage angered the Protestant nobles. Mary soon became disillusioned by Darnley’s uncouth behavior and his insistence upon receiving the Crown Matrimonial which would have made him co-sovereign of Scotland. Mary refused and their relationship became strained. On March 9, 1566, when Mary was pregnant, Darnley and some fellow conspirators killed Mary’s private secretary David Riccio in Mary’s presence. Darnley was jealous of Mary’s friendship with Ricco and suspected him of being Mary’s lover. Mary was roughly pushed and shoved and although the conspirators hoped she would miscarry, she did not. All the conspirators were banished except for Darnley who was forgiven. On June 19, 1566, at Edinburgh Castle, Mary gave birth to a son, later King James VI of Scotland/King James I of England.

Mary’s marriage was all but over and she began to be drawn to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Bothwell entered into a conspiracy with Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll and George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly to rid Mary of her husband. On February 10, 1567, Kirk o’ Field, the house where Darnley was staying, was blown up. Darnley and his servant were found dead near the house in an orchard outside the city walls. Since Darnley was dressed only in his nightshirt and had no injuries, it was assumed that he was strangled after the explosion.

Bothwell was one of those accused of murdering Darnley. Darnley’s relatives demanded vengeance and charges were brought against Bothwell. On the day of the trial, Bothwell rode magnificently through Edinburgh to the trial flanked by nobles and members of the Hepburn family. The trial lasted for seven hours. Bothwell was acquitted and it was widely rumored that he would marry Mary.

In April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling Castle. It was to be the last time Mary would ever see her son. On her way back to Edinburgh, Mary was abducted by Bothwell and taken to Dunbar Castle. Bothwell, who had married Jean Gordon, sister of Sir John Gordon and of George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly in February 1566, divorced her on May 7, 1567, citing his adultery with her servant as the cause. Mary and Bothwell were married on May 15, 1567. The marriage angered many Scottish nobles who raised an army against Mary and Bothwell. After negotiations at the Battle of Carberry Hill, Bothwell was given safe passage and the lords took Mary to Edinburgh. The following night, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, on an island in the middle of Loch Leven. Between July 20 – 23, 1567, Mary miscarried twins, and on July 24, 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favor of her one-year-old son James.

Bothwell moved toward the north of Scotland, attempting to gain supporters, but he was forced to flee the country. He reached Norway but was detained in Bergen, Norway because he did not have the proper exit papers. Anna Throndsen, whom Bothwell had jilted, was now living in Bergen, where she had family connections. Bothwell’s detainment turned into imprisonment on the order of Anna’s cousin, Danish Viceroy Erik Rosenkratz. Anna filed a legal complaint against Bothwell for his use of her as his wife and demanded repayment of her dowry. Anna gave testimony that Bothwell had “three wives alive” including herself. Bothwell settled with Anna out of court, offering her one of his ships and promising her an additional payment which he never was able to pay, as he never regained his freedom.

Bothwell would have been released, but King Frederik II of Denmark and Norway had heard that Queen Elizabeth I of England was seeking Bothwell for the alleged murder of Darnley, and decided to take him into custody in Denmark to use a political pawn. However, as news from England and Scotland arrived, Frederik II eventually understood that Mary never again would be Queen of the Scots and that without Mary, Bothwell was insignificant politically. Instead of turning Bothwell over to England, Frederik II transferred him to Dragsholm Castle. There he was kept in appalling conditions. A pillar to which he was chained for the last ten years of his life can still be seen, with a circular groove on the floor around it. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell died there on April 14, 1578. A body, allegedly said to be Bothwell’s, was buried at Fårevejle Church, nearby the castle. Bothwell’s ghost is said to haunt the castle, riding through the courtyard with a horse and carriage.

Coffin in Fårevejle Church with Bothwell’s alleged remains; Photo Credit – Wikipedia http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=jameshepbu

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Works Cited

  • Ashley, M. and Lock, J. (2012). The mammoth book of British kings & queens. London: Constable & Robinson.
  • De.wikipedia.org. (2017). James Hepburn, 4. Earl of Bothwell. [online] Available at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4._Earl_of_Bothwell [Accessed 20 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Anna Throndsen. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Throndsen [Accessed 20 Jul. 2017].
  • En.wikipedia.org. (2017). James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell [Accessed 20 Jul. 2017].
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2017). Mary, Queen of Scots. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/mary-queen-of-scots/ [Accessed 20 Jul. 2017].
  • Williamson, D. (1996). Brewer’s British Royalty. London: Cassell.