Monthly Archives: December 2015

Diana, Princess of Wales

by Scott Mehl  © Unofficial Royalty 2015
uk-diana1Diana, Princess of Wales

Diana, Princess of Wales was the first wife of King Charles III of the United Kingdom and the mother of Prince William, The Prince of Wales and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. She was born The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer, youngest daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (later the 8th Earl Spencer) and The Honourable Frances Roche, on July 1, 1961, at Park House on the Sandringham Estate.

Diana had four siblings:

Diana was christened on August 30, 1961, at St. Mary Magdalene Church in Sandringham, England.  Her godparents were:

  • John Floyd (Chairman of Christie’s, her father’s friend)
  • Alexander Gilmour (her father’s cousin)
  • Lady Mary Colman (niece of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother)
  • Mrs. Michael Pratt (friend and neighbor of Diana’s parents)
  • Mrs. William Fox (friend and neighbor of Diana’s parents)

Diana grew up at Park House, which her parents leased from The Queen for many years. In 1969, her parents divorced, and following a very contentious custody battle, Diana’s father was awarded full custody of the children. She was educated at Riddlesworth Hall and The New School at West Heath, graduating in 1977, and then attended L’Institut Alpin Videmanette, a Swiss finishing school.

In 1975, her father had succeeded to the Earldom, and Diana saw an ‘upgrade’ in her title as well. As the daughter of an Earl, she was now styled Lady Diana Spencer – a name which would soon become famous around the world when ‘Lady Di’ became involved with The Prince of Wales.

Following her schooling, Diana worked as a nanny, living in her mother’s apartment in London. The next year, her mother bought her an apartment at Coleherne Court, where Diana lived with some friends until the day her engagement was announced. She also worked as a dance teacher for children, a preschool assistant, a nanny for an American family living in London, and lastly as a kindergarten assistant at the Young England School.

Although they had known each other since her childhood, Diana and Charles really became reacquainted in the summer of 1980 when they were both guests at a country weekend. Charles had previously dated Diana’s older sister, Sarah. The two made several other trips and weekends away, including a visit to Balmoral in November of 1980. Charles eventually proposed to Diana on February 6, 1981, but they kept the engagement secret for several weeks.

 

Diana made her first official appearance on March 9, 1981, at a poetry reading in London by Princess Grace of Monaco. When she stepped out of the car in a black strapless gown, she began what would become a lifelong ‘role’ in the media spotlight – something she both loved and despised at different times in her life.

Diana and Charles married on July 29, 1981, at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Entering on her father’s arm as Lady Diana Spencer, she later emerged from the Cathedral as Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales, the third highest-ranked lady of the land.

Following their honeymoon, the couple took up residence at Kensington Palace (occupying apartments 8 and 9 which had been joined together), as well as Highgrove, the Prince of Wales’s country home in Gloucestershire.

Diana and Charles had two sons:

Diana became taking on official duties soon after her marriage, often accompanying her husband in the United Kingdom and abroad. She made her first solo overseas visit in September 1982, when she represented The Queen at the funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco, with whom she felt a very strong bond. With her husband, she made numerous foreign visits, the last being to South Korea in 1992 shortly before their separation. She served as patron or president of over 100 organizations and charities, using her position to bring attention to and support issues that were close to her heart. Some of these charities were:

  • The National AIDS Trust
  • Great Ormond Street Hospital
  • English National Ballet
  • Royal Marsden Hospital
  • Leprosy Mission
  • Centrepoint
  • Headway
  • Natural History Museum
  • Royal Academy of Music
  • Bernardo’s
  • British Red Cross
  • Chester Childbirth Appeal
  • British Lung Foundation
  • National Children’s Orchestra
  • Royal Brompton Hospital
  • The Guinness Trust
  • Royal School for the Blind
  • Welsh National Opera
  • Birthright
  • British Deaf Association

On December 9, 1992, after several years of media speculation, Buckingham Palace announced the separation of the Prince and Princess of Wales. The announcement stressed that the couple had no plans to divorce and that their constitutional positions were unaffected.

The following year, on December 3, 1993, Diana announced her withdrawal from public life. And following disastrous television interviews given by both Charles, in June 1994, and Diana, in November 1995, it was announced by Buckingham Palace that The Queen had sent letters to both Diana and Charles, advising them to divorce as quickly as possible. Following many private meetings and negotiations with Prince Charles and representatives of The Queen, Diana agreed to a divorce in February 1996.

Their divorce became final on August 28, 1996. Diana received a payment of £17 million as well as an annual stipend to maintain her offices and retained the couple’s Kensington Palace apartments. A statement from Buckingham Palace established that she remained a member of the Royal Family and would continue to receive the precedence accorded to her during her marriage when attending state and national functions. With the Queen’s permission, she voluntarily relinquished all her honorary military appointments and would continue to have access to the Royal Flight and the State Apartments at St. James’s Palace. She would also retain any orders, insignia, and titles received during her marriage. However, the one thing she would not retain was her style of Royal Highness. She became simply Diana, Princess of Wales. The day after her divorce became final, Diana announced that she had resigned from almost all of her charities and patronages. However, she continued her involvement with the six that were most important to her:

  • Centrepoint
  • The English National Ballet
  • Leprosy Mission
  • The National AIDS Trust
  • The Great Ormond Street Hospital
  • The Royal Marsden Hospital

She also remained very involved with the Red Cross Anti-Personnel Landmines Campaign, even though her formal patronage had ended. Her last public appearances were in early August 1997, when she visited several landmine projects in Bosnia.

After her divorce, Diana had a relationship with Dr. Hasnat Khan, a British-Pakistani heart surgeon, which ended in June 1997. She then became involved with Dodi Fayed, son of Mohamed Al-Fayed, the owner of Harrods and the Ritz Hotel in London. Diana and her sons joined the Fayed family in the south of France for a vacation that summer where she and Dodi reportedly began their romance. Following her trip to Bosnia, Diana again joined Dodi Fayed on a private cruise aboard the Fayed’s yacht, returning to Paris on August 30. Later that night, hounded by paparazzi, the couple left the Ritz to go to Dodi’s apartment in Paris. Just minutes later, their car crashed in the Pont de l’Alma tunnel, killing Dodi and the car’s driver, Henri Paul, instantly. Diana was critically injured and eventually taken to the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. Diana, Princess of Wales was pronounced dead at 4 am. See Unofficial Royalty: Tragedy in the British Royal Family at the End of August (scroll down).

The Prince of Wales, along with Diana’s two sisters, flew to Paris to accompany her body back to England. Draped with the Royal Standard, Diana’s coffin was taken to the Chapel Royal at St. James’s Palace where it remained for several days, before returning to her home at Kensington Palace. On Saturday, September 6, 1997, a procession began at Kensington Palace and ended at Westminster Abbey where Diana’s funeral was held. Following the funeral, the coffin was taken to Althorp, where it was interred privately on an island in the center of a lake on the grounds.

 

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

January 1916: Royalty and World War I

by Susan Flantzer

RSA-Palmer_Jan 1916 WWI

Captain The Honorable Robert Stafford Arthur Palmer; Photo Credit – http://www.winchestercollegeatwar.com

The Honorable Robert Stafford Arthur Palmer, called Bobby in the family, was born on September 26, 1888 at 20 Arlington Street in London, the house of his maternal grandfather, Lord Salisbury. He was given the names of his maternal grandfather Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, three times a Prime Minister, and of his godfathers, Arthur Balfour, also a Prime Minister, and Sir Henry Stafford Northcote, a Governor General of Australia. Bobby’s father also held important positions including being a member of the Privy Council and First Lord of the Admiralty.

In the May of 1902, Queen Alexandra selected Bobby to be one of her pages at the coronation of her husband King Edward VII and herself. Bobby’s maternal aunt Lady Laura Ridding wrote in her biography of him: “Bobby returned home from his morning at Buckingham Palace, full of enjoyment of his experiences and of admiring devotion to the charming Queen whose train-bearer he had been. It was poignant to remember his happy chatter over that day’s doings fourteen years later when, on hearing the news of his being among the “Missing” after the battle of Umm-Al -Hannah, Queen Alexandra sent a touching message of sympathy to his parents, in which she assured them that she ” had always taken the greatest interest in her Coronation pages and that she liked their boy particularly.”

One of the pages in the photo below is Bobby. (Possibly the third from the left)

by William Edward Downey, for W. & D. Downey, albumen cabinet card, 9 August 1902

Alexandra of Denmark with her coronation pages by W. & D. Downey, albumen cabinet card, 9 August 1902, NPG x33258 © National Portrait Gallery, London

From 1902-1907, Bobby attended Winchester College, established in 1382, an independent school for boys in the British public school tradition in Winchester, Hampshire, England. He was Senior Commoner Prefect in 1907 and won the Warden and Fellow’s Prizes for English Verse and Greek Prose and the Duncan Prize for English Historical Essay.

In January 1907 Bobby won a University College Scholarship at Oxford, heading the list as Senior Scholar out of one hundred and fifty-seven candidates. He studied Literae Humaniores, the name given to an undergraduate course focused on Classics (Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Latin, ancient Greek and philosophy) at Oxford and other universities. In 1911, Bobby became president of the Oxford Union, a debating society in the city of Oxford, England, whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. Bobby was a skilled and respected orator, and his friends nicknamed him “the future Prime Minister.” In 1911, he visited India and on his return was persuaded by his friends to publish a record of his journey under the title “A Little Tour in India.”

Having passed his Bar examinations, Bobby began his legal career as the pupil of Mr. Howard Wright at 11 New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, in the same chambers that his grandfather, Lord Chancellor Selborne, had occupied for nearly forty years in the previous century. In November of 1913, Bobby was called to the bar.

Prior to the start of World War I, Bobby had served with the 6th Battalion Hampshire Regiment, his county territorial battalion, and went with them to India in October of 1914. In August of 1915, Bobby and his regiment left India for Basra, then in Mesopotamia in the Ottoman Empire, now in Iraq, to relieve the garrison at Kut-el-Amara and participated in the Siege of Kut Al Amara.  Bobby wrote many letters home which were printed for private circulation with the title “Letters from Mesopotamia: from Robert Palmer.”

Bobby wrote to his father of the terrible conditions: “This battalion when we arrived here was nominally nearly 300 strong, but actually it could hardly have paraded 100. This reduction is nearly all due to sickness. The deaths from all causes only total between forty and fifty, out of the original 800, and of these about twenty- five, I think, were killed in action. But there has been an enormous amount of sickness during the hot weather, four-fifths of which has been heat stroke and malaria. There have been a few cases of enteric and a certain number of dysentery ; but next to heat and malaria more men have been knocked out by sores and boils than by any disease. It takes ages for the smallest sore to heal. Of the original thirty officers, eight are left here, and Major Stilwell, who is Commanding Officer.”

Written on January 7, 1916: “We started at 8.30 and marched quietly about five miles. This brought us within view of the large village of Sheike Saad, which is roughly half-way between Ali Gherbi and Kut. Between us and it the battle was in full swing. We halted by a pontoon bridge (2 on sketch) just out of range of the enemy’s guns, and watched it for several hours. It was hot, and the mirage blurred everything. Our artillery was clearly very superior to theirs, both in quantity and in the possession of high explosive shell, of which the enemy had none; but we were cruelly handicapped (a) by the fact that their men and guns were entrenched and ours exposed, and (b) by the mirage, which made the location of their trenches and emplacements almost impossible.”

“On Friday a big attack was launched on both banks. On the right bank we got round their flank and carried their first line trenches with 500 prisoners, but we hadn’t enough men or water to carry the second line. On the left bank three quarters of our force attacked frontally, and one-quarter had orders to envelop their left flank. For some unexplained reason, this one-quarter changed direction in the middle of the fight and came barging into the right of the frontal force, so that we were involved in a congested frontal attack, which was very expensive, as we got within two hundred yards of their trenches with- out being able to carry them. Our casualties were over 3000. It was here that Goschen* was mortally wounded.”

*Goschen was Lieutenant The Honorable George Joachim Goschen, the only son of George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen who died from his wounds January 16, 1916. See below.

On January 21, 1916, Bobby was mortally wounded during the First Battle of Hanna.  After a short bombardment, the British charged the Ottoman lines. In an advance across 600 yards of flooded no-man’s land, the British sustained 2,700 casualties. A wounded private of the Hampshire Regiment recalled shortly after the event, “The Connaughts were fighting farther off. So the Hampshire men were obliged to go on alone. We never made a rush, and just walked slowly through the rain. A slow march to our deaths, I call it.” He went on to explain as related in Bobby’s biography by his aunt, “they had got mixed up with the Black Watch and got into the first Turkish trench, but had been driven out of it again. He saw Captain Palmer fall about 200 yards from the trench, but did not see whether he got up again or where he was wounded.”

At first Bobby was listed as missing, but it later became known that he had fallen into the hands of the Turks and died soon after reaching hospital. In May of 1916, Captain The Honorable Aubrey Herbert wrote to Bobby’s father, the Earl of Selborne: “…I received a message from Ali Jenab Bey, telling me that your son had died in hospital, and that all that could be done for him had been done, and asking me to tell you how deeply he sympathized with you. The next day Ali Jenab and two other Turks came into our camp. One of them, Mohammed Riza, told me that your son had been brought in after the fight on the 21st, slightly wounded in the shoulder and badly wounded in the chest. He had been well looked after by the doctor, and the colonel of the regiment (I could not find out which regiment) had visited him and, at the doctor’s wish, sent him some brandy. He did not suffer ; and the end came after two hours.”

Bobby’s aunt Lady Laura Ridding wrote at the end of her biography of her nephew: “Later in the year, when that part of Mesopotamia had fallen into the hands of our army, the chaplain who had administered Bobby’s last Communion to him five days before his death, the Rev. R. Irwin, searched in vain all over the site occupied by the Turkish lines and camp on 21st January. He could find no trace of the burial-places where the enemy had interred their own men or their prisoners. The body of our beloved Bobby lies in an unknown grave in that ancient land.”

Captain The Honorable Robert Stafford Arthur Palmer is commemorated on Panels 21 and 63 of the Basra Memorial which commemorates 40,682 Commonwealth forces members who died during the Mesopotamian Campaign, from the autumn of 1914 to the end of August 1921, and whose graves are not known.

The Life of Robert Palmer 1888-1916 by The Lady Laura Ridding

Letters from Mesopotamia: from Robert Palmer
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Timeline: January 1, 1916 – January 31, 1916

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A Note About German Titles

Many German royals and nobles died in World War I. The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent states, most of them ruled by royal families. Scroll down to German Empire here to see what constituent states made up the German Empire.  The constituent states retained their own governments, but had limited sovereignty. Some had their own armies, but the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. In wartime, armies of all the constituent states would be controlled by the Prussian Army and the combined forces were known as the Imperial German Army.  German titles may be used in Royals Who Died In Action below. Refer to Unofficial Royalty: Glossary of German Noble and Royal Titles.

24 British peers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage were also killed in World War I and they will be included in the list of those who died in action. In addition, more than 100 sons of peers also lost their lives, and those that can be verified will also be included.

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January 1916 – Royals/Nobles/Peers/Sons of Peers Who Died In Action

The list is in chronological order and does contain some who would be considered noble instead of royal. The links in the last bullet for each person is that person’s genealogical information from Leo’s Genealogics Website  or to The Peerage website.  If a person has a Wikipedia page, their name will be linked to that page.

Lieutenant The Honorable George Joachim Goschen

Captain The Honorable Robert Stafford Arthur Palmer

Sub-Lieutenant The Honorable Harold Courtenay Tennyson

King William IV of the United Kingdom

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Credit – Wikipedia

The third son and third child of the fifteen children of King George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, His Royal Highness The Prince William Henry was born at Buckingham House (now Buckingham Palace) in London, England on August 21, 1765. At the time of his birth, it seemed highly unlikely that William would be anything more than a royal duke as he had two elder brothers. William was christened on September 18, 1765, at St James’s Palace In London, England by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury and had three godparents:

William had 14 siblings:

George III children

Queen Charlotte painted by Benjamin West in 1779 with her 13 eldest children; Credit – http://www.royalcollection.org.uk

William was brought up with his brother Edward at Kew Palace and they were educated by Dr. John James Majendie, a classical scholar, and Major General Budé, a Swiss who was an officer in the Hanover Army. King George III decided that William would have a career in the navy. In 1879, at the age of 13, William went to sea along with his tutor Mr. Majendie, serving under Captain (later Admiral) Robert Digby on the HMS Prince George. On his father’s orders, William received no privileges and was treated the same as his fellow sailors.

William age 13 (left) and his younger brother Edward, painted by Benjamin West, 1778; Credit – Wikipedia

During his naval career, William, nicknamed Sailor Bill, served on a number of ships and in a number of places. In 1789, his ship saw action in the Battle of Cape St Vincent. He was then stationed in the West Indies and Nova Scotia. William was transferred to HMS Warwick and saw action in the Delaware Bay in the American Revolution. In 1785, William was made the third lieutenant of the frigate HMS Hebe. The following year, William was made captain of the HMS Pegasus.  The Pegasus was stationed in West Indies under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, who became a close friend of William. When Admiral Nelson married in 1787, William gave away the bride. William returned to England in December of 1787 and was subsequently appointed to the command of the frigate HMS Andromeda in the West Indies. In 1789, William was appointed Rear Admiral and commanded the HMS Valiant in home waters, his last command afloat. Prince William received the Order of the Garter in 1782 and was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews and Earl of Munster in 1789. He was appointed Vice-Admiral in 1799 and Admiral of the Fleet in 1811, both honorary positions.

by Sir Martin Archer Shee, oil on canvas, circa 1800

King William IV in naval dress uniform by Sir Martin Archer Shee, oil on canvas, circa 1800, NPG 2199 © National Portrait Gallery, London

In 1790, Dorothea Jordan, an actress, attracted the attention of William. Dorothea was born Dora or Dorothy Bland in 1761 in Ireland. Her father had been an actor, and she followed in her father’s footsteps, first acting in Dublin. In 1782, she came to England, adopted the name “Mrs. Jordan”, and had a daughter by Irish actor and theatrical manager Richard Daly.  Starting in 1786, Dorothea had another relationship with Sir Richard Ford, a police magistrate and a lawyer, and had three more children. She began her affair with William, once she realized that Ford was never going to marry her. Dorothea and William had a happy relationship that lasted over 20 years and produced 10 children. The couple resided at Clarence Lodge in Roehampton near London and at William’s apartments at St James’ Palace. When William became Ranger of Bushy Park, they lived at Bushy House near Hampton Court Palace.

by and published by John Jones, after John Hoppner, mezzotint, published 1 March 1791 (exhibited 1791)

Dorothy Jordan as Hypolita by and published by John Jones, after John Hoppner, mezzotint, published 1 March 1791, (exhibited 1791) NPG D3324 © National Portrait Gallery, London

William’s illegitimate children by Dorothea Jordan:

William and Dorothea’s children married into the British aristocracy and their many descendants include these notable people:

In 1811, William had an invalid father and saw that only three people stood between him and the throne: his brother George, George’s teenage daughter Charlotte, and his childless brother Frederick. William had always boasted that his healthier habits would cause him to outlive his elder brothers. The possibility of ascending the throne and mounting debts made it necessary for William to choose a wife.

Dorothea was on tour with a play when she received a letter from William asking her to meet him so they could discuss the terms of a separation. She was so upset that on stage that night instead of laughing heartily as the script required, she burst into tears instead. In January of 1812, a settlement was drawn up giving Dorothea an annual allowance of £1500 and £600 annually for a house and coach. In addition, she was to be given £800 per year for her two daughters from previous relationships and £1500 for the maintenance of her youngest daughters by William. However, if Dorothea returned to the stage, she would lose the £1500 and the custody of the youngest daughters. A few months later, Dorothea did return to the stage and the custody of the youngest daughters reverted to William.

In 1815, Dorothea made her last appearance on the stage and retired to France in a terrible financial situation having settled the debts of the husband of her elder daughter by a previous relationship. Dorothea died in poverty on July 5, 1816, at the age of 54 and was buried in Cimetière de Saint-Cloud in Saint-Cloud, France.

On November 6, 1817, a great tragedy struck the British Royal Family.  Twenty-one-year-old Princess Charlotte of Wales died after delivering a stillborn son. Charlotte was mourned by the British people in a manner similar to the mourning of Diana, Princess of Wales. Charlotte’s pregnancy and delivery were grossly mismanaged and the doctor in charge later committed suicide. At the time of her death, Charlotte, who was second in line to the throne, was the only legitimate grandchild of King George III, despite the fact that eleven of his fifteen children were still living. Her death left no legitimate heir in the second generation and prompted the aging sons of King George III to begin a frantic search for brides to provide for the succession. William, along with his unmarried brothers Edward, Duke of Kent and Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, all married.

Soon after the death of Princess Charlotte of Wales, negotiations began for the marriage of William to Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, and the engagement was announced on April 19, 1818. William was 52 and Adelaide was 25. William and Adelaide were married on July 14, 1818, at Kew Palace in the presence of an ailing Queen Charlotte who died in November of the same year.

by Sir William Beechey, oil on canvas, circa 1831

Queen Adelaide (Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen) by Sir William Beechey, oil on canvas, circa 1831, NPG 1533 © National Portrait Gallery, London

Adelaide loved children but was destined not to have one of her own. Her first child was born prematurely on March 27, 1819, as a result of Adelaide being ill with pleurisy. The baby girl was christened Charlotte Augusta Louisa and died the same day. Adelaide suffered a miscarriage on September 5, 1819. On December 10, 1820, Adelaide gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide, six weeks prematurely. Princess Elizabeth, who had been healthy despite being premature, died 12 weeks later on March 4, 1821, of the then-inoperable condition of a strangulated hernia. Twin boys were stillborn on April 23, 1822. A child of William and Adelaide would have succeeded to the throne as William’s two elder brothers, George IV and Frederick, Duke of York, had no surviving children. Adelaide wrote to her widowed sister-in-law the Duchess of Kent, “My children are dead, but your child lives, and she is mine too.” That child was Queen Victoria.

Recumbent effigy of Princess Elizabeth of Clarence in the Grand Corridor of Windsor Castle, Photo Credit – Wikipedia

William’s brother King George IV died on June 26, 1830, and William succeeded to the throne. His coronation on September 8, 1831, was rather low key due to government economics and was nicknamed “the half-crownation”. The traditional procession from Westminster Hall to Westminster Abbey and the coronation banquet were eliminated and have never again occurred. Adelaide had to provide the jewels for her crown and other jewels had to be hired.

William IV in his coronation robes; Credit – Wikipedia

Queen Adelaide; Credit – Wikipedia

William’s heiress presumptive was his niece Princess Victoria of Kent, the only child of his brother Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and the Duchess of Kent, born Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Both William and Adelaide were very fond of their niece and wanted to be closer to her.  However, the Duchess of Kent did not allow this. In addition, she was rude to Queen Adelaide by refusing to recognize the Queen’s precedence, ignoring her letters, and taking space in royal stables and apartments for her own use. In August 1836 at a dinner in honor of his 71st birthday, William publically insulted the Duchess of Kent in a speech. After his health had been toasted, he replied with this:

“I trust in God that my life may be spared for nine months longer, after which period, in the event of my death, no regency would take place. I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the royal authority to the personal exercise of that young lady [pointing to the Princess Victoria], the Heiress Presumptive of the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded by evil advisers and who is herself incompetent to act with the propriety in the station in which she would be placed. I have no hesitation in saying that I have been insulted – grossly and continually insulted – by that person, but I am now determined to endure no longer a course of behaviour so disrespectful to me. Among many other things I have particularly to complain of the manner in which that young lady has been kept away from my court: she has been repeatedly kept from my drawing room at which she ought always to have been present, but I am fully resolved that this shall not happen again. I would have her know that I am king, and that I am determined to make my authority respected, and for the future I shall insist and command that the Princess do upon all occasions appear at my court, as is her duty to do so.”

William’s wish that his life would be spared for nine months was granted. Princess Victoria turned 18 on May 24, 1837, and a regency would no longer be required. The king had become ill with asthma or hay fever in May 1837, and pneumonia soon developed. King William IV died peacefully at 2:15 AM on June 20, 1837, at Windsor Castle and Princess Victoria ascended to the throne. An autopsy showed that heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver had contributed to his death. William was buried in the Royal Tomb House at St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. His wife Adelaide survived William by 12 years, dying on December 2, 1849, at the age of 57.  She was buried after a simple funeral, in accordance with her wishes, in the Royal Tomb House beneath St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle where her husband had been buried.

William IV drawn by his daughter Sophia de L’Isle and Dudley in early 1837; Credit – Wikipedia

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

House of Hanover Resources at Unofficial Royalty

First Cousins: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2015

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921 – 2021)

(All photos credits – Wikipedia unless otherwise noted)

His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, was born at Mon Repos on the Greek island of Corfu on June 10, 1921, as His Royal Highness Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark. He was the only son and the youngest of the five children of Prince Andrew (Andreas) of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.  His father was the seventh of the eight children of King George I of Greece (born Prince Vilhelm of Denmark) and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia.  His mother was the eldest of the four children of Prince Louis of Battenberg (later Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven) and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine.  Prince Philip shares his 20 first cousins with his siblings Princess Margarita of Greece, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg; Princess Theodora of Greece, Margravine of Baden; Princess Cecilie of Greece, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse; and Princess Sophie of Greece, Princess of Hesse, Princess of Hanover.

A descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom through his mother
Queen Victoria → Princess Alice of the United Kingdom → Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine → Princess Alice of Battenberg → Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark

A descendant of King Christian IX of Denmark through his father
King Christian IX of Denmark → King George I of Greece (born Prince William of Denmark) → Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark → Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark

A descendant of Peter the Great of Russia and Catherine the Great of Russia through his father
Emperor Peter I (the Great) → Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna → Emperor Peter III of Russia married Empress Catherine II (the Great) (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst) → Emperor Paul → Emperor Nicholas I → Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia → Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia → Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark → Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark

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Prince Philip’s Paternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia

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Prince Philip’s Maternal Aunts and Uncles: Children of Prince Louis of Battenberg (later Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven) and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine

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Paternal First Cousins: Children of King Constantine I of Greece and Princess Sophia of Prussia

King George II of Greece (1890 – 1947)

King George II of Greece reigned from 1922-1924 when he was deposed by a coup and from 1935 until his death in 1947. George married Princess Elisabeth of Romania, daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania and Princess Marie of Edinburgh. The couple had no children and divorced in 1935.
Unofficial Royalty: King George I of Greece

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King Alexander I of Greece (1893 – 1920)

King Alexander I of Greece succeeded his father King Constantine I in 1917 after his father and elder brother Crown Prince George, later King George I, were forced into exile. Alexander made a controversial marriage to the commoner Aspasia Manos. The couple had one child Princess Alexandra who married King Peter II of Yugoslavia. Alexander was a puppet king throughout his reign. He died in 1920 at the age of 27 from blood poisoning as a result of a monkey bite. After his death, his father King Constantine I was restored to the throne.
Unofficial Royalty: King Alexander I of Greece

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Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark, Queen Mother of Romania (1896 – 1982)

The eldest daughter in her family, Princess Helen married Crown Prince Carol of Romania in 1921. In 1925, Carol began an affair and at the end of the year, he renounced his rights to the throne and left Romania with his mistress. Helen and Carol’s only child Michael became the heir apparent to the Romanian throne. Michael succeeded to the throne in 1927 upon the death of his grandfather King Ferdinand.

In 1928, Helen and Carol’s marriage was officially dissolved. In 1930, a coup restored Carol to the throne and Michael was demoted to Crown Prince and remained in Romania. Helen went into exile and only saw her son for two months each year. King Carol reigned for 10 years when another coup restored his son Michael to the throne. King Michael reigned until 1947 when he was forced to abdicate by the Romanian Communists.

Helen again went into exile and lived at Villa Sparta in San Domenico, Italy. She later moved to Lausanne, Switzerland and died there in 1982 at the age of 86.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark
Unofficial Royalty: King Michael (Mihai) of Romania

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King Paul I of Greece (1901 – 1964)

The third of King Constantine I’s three sons to become king, King Paul I succeeded to the throne upon the death of his brother King George II in 1947. Paul married Princess Frederica of Hanover, another descendant of Queen Victoria. They had three children: Princess Sofia who married King Juan Carlos of Spain, King Constantine II of Greece who married Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark, and Princess Irene who never married. King Paul died from cancer in 1964 and was succeeded by his son King Constantine II. Constantine II was forced to leave Greece after an unsuccessful coup to overthrow a military junta. In 1973, the Greek monarchy was officially abolished.
Unofficial Royalty: King Paul I of Greece

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Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Aosta (1904 – 1974)

Princess Irene of Greece married Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta whose father reigned Spain briefly as King Amadeo and whose paternal grandfather was King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy. Irene and her husband had one child, Prince Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta who was born in 1943. Irene’s husband was nominally King Tomislav II of Croatia from 1941 to 1943. Irene died in 1974 in Fiesole, Italy.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Aosta

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Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark, The Lady Katherine Brandram (1913 – 2007)

Princess Katherine was 23 years younger than her eldest sibling and spent much of her early life living in exile. Her father died when she was 10 years old and her mother died when she was 19 years old. Katherine was educated in England and married an English commoner, Richard Campbell Brandram. She received permission to style herself The Lady Katherine Brandram from King George VI, who also granted her the status of a duke’s daughter in the order of precedence. This style was valid only within the United Kingdom, and she remained Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark. Katherine and her husband had one child Richard Paul George Andrew Brandram, known as Paul, who was born in 1948. She attended the wedding of her first cousin Prince Philip and also the 80th birthday service for Prince Philip in 2001. Katherine was the last surviving great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She died in 2007 at the age of 94.
Telegraph: Obituary – Lady Katherine Brandram
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark, The Lady Katherine Brandram

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Paternal First Cousins: Children of Prince George of Greece and Denmark and Princess Marie Bonaparte

Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark (1908 – 1980)

Prince Peter was the only son of the second Prince George of Greece, the second son of King George I of Greece. He was an anthropologist who specialized in Tibetan culture. His mother Princess Marie Bonaparte was an author and a psychoanalyst who worked with Sigmund Freud and who financially helped Freud escape from Nazi Germany.

Peter held a doctorate of law from the University of Paris and a doctorate in anthropology from the London School of Economics. He forfeited his succession rights to the Greek throne by marrying a Russian commoner, Irina Aleksandrovna Ovtchinnikova. After the death of his uncle King Paul I, Peter was upset when the succession laws were changed to allow female dynasts. At the time his cousin King Constantine II was not married and the heir to the throne was Constantine’s younger, unmarried sister Princess Irene. Peter refused to recognize this and declared that he should be the heir presumptive. This train of thought continued when King Constantine II’s first child was a daughter, Princess Alexia, and she was then the heir presumptive to the throne.

After the end of the Greek monarchy, Peter sold all his possessions in Greece and lived in London, Paris, and Copenhagen. He died in London in 1980 and was buried at the Danish palace Bernstorff as the Greek government would not allow him to be buried at Tatoi, the burial place of the Greek royals.
Wikipedia: Prince Peter of Greece

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Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Castel Duino (1910 – 1989)

Princess Eugénie was the only daughter and the youngest child of Prince George of Greece and Denmark. She attended the wedding of her cousin Prince Philip and the future Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Eugénie married twice. First, she married Prince Dominik Rainer Radziwiłł in 1938, but the couple divorced in 1946. They had a son and a daughter. Then Eugénie married Prince Raymundo della Torre e Tasso, Duke of Castel Duino. The couple had one son, but that marriage also ended in divorce. Eugénie died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1989 at the age of 79. A year after her death, her biography of Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, Le Tsarevitch, Enfant Martr, was published.
Wikipedia: Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark

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Paternal First Cousins: Children of Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890 – 1958)

Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia and her younger brother Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia were not only first cousins of Prince Philip, but also first cousins of Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia. Maria and Dmitri’s father Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich was the youngest sibling of Nicholas II’s father, Alexander III, Emperor of All Russia. Maria is known as “Maria Pavlovna the Younger” so she is not confused with her aunt by marriage, the wife of her uncle Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, who is known as “Maria Pavlovna the Elder”.

Maria’s mother, born Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, died from complications while giving birth to Maria’s younger brother Dmitri when Maria was not yet two years old. Four years after the death of his wife, Maria’s father married a commoner without the permission of EmperorNicholas II. The marriage had taken place outside Russia, and the Emperor refused to allow the couple to return to Russia. Maria and her brother Dmitri were mostly raised by their uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovona, who had been born Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine.

When Maria was 16 years old, she married Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland, the second son of King Gustav V of Sweden. The couple had one child, Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland, and later Count Bernadotte af Wisborg, but the marriage was not a happy one and it was officially dissolved. Maria had to leave her son in Sweden where he was raised by his paternal grandmother Queen Victoria, wife of King Gustav V of Sweden.

In 1917, Maria married Prince Sergei Mikhailovich Putyatin. Their son, Prince Roman Sergeievich Putyatin, died in infancy. With the situation in Russia becoming worse for the Romanovs, Maria and her husband Sergei left Russia and were helped by Maria’s first cousin Queen Marie of Romania. Maria divorced her second husband and her exile took her from Romania to Paris, and then to the United States and Argentina, and finally to Germany where she died in 1958 at the age of 68.
Unofficial Royalty: Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

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Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia (1891 – 1942)

Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich’s claim to fame is that he was one of the conspirators who murdered the mystic faith healer Grigori Rasputin, who had much influence over Dmitri’s cousin Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia and his family. As explained above, Dmitri’s mother died due to complications during his birth. After Rasputin’s murder, Dmitri was exiled to Persia (now Iran), a move that most likely saved his life. After the Russian Revolution, Dmitri lived in exile in Paris where he had an affair with the fashion designer Coco Chanel. Dmitri married American heiress Audrey Emery in 1926, but the couple divorced in 1937. The marriage produced one child, Paul Ilyinsky, who was an American citizen and was elected mayor of Palm Beach, Florida. Dmitri died from tuberculosis at a Swiss sanatorium in 1942 at the age of 50.
Unofficial Royalty: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

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Paternal First Cousins: Children of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia

Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, Princess of Yugoslavia (1903 – 1997)

Princess Olga was the eldest of the three daughters of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and his wife Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia, who was a first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. She married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and the couple had two sons and a daughter. Through her daughter Elizabeth, Olga is the grandmother of actress Catherine Oxenberg. Olga died in Paris, France in 1997 at the age of 94.
Wikipedia: Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark

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Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach (1904 – 1955)

Princess Elizabeth was the middle daughter of the three daughters of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark. She married Carl Theodor, Count of Toerring-Jettenbach and the couple had a son and a daughter. Elizabeth died from cancer in 1955 at the age of 50 in Munich, Germany.
Wikipedia: Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark

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Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Kent (1906 – 1968)

The youngest of the three daughters of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, Princess Marina married into the British Royal Family. Her husband was Prince George, Duke of Kent, a son of King George V of the United Kingdom. Their three children, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra of Kent, and Prince Michael of Kent are first cousins of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Marina was left a widow when she was 36 when her husband was killed in an airplane crash while on active service with the Royal Air Force during World War II. Marina died from a brain tumor in 1968 at the age of 61.
Unofficial Royalty: Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent

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Paternal First Cousins: Children of Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark, Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia and Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia

Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia, Princess Paul Chavchavadze (1901 – 1974)

Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia was a great-granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia through her father. The marriage of her parents was not happy and in 1914, her mother took her children to England supposedly to improve their health. They never returned to Russia because of World War I and the Russian Revolution. Nina’s father Grand Duke George Mikhailovich was shot by a firing squad, along with other Romanov relatives in January of 1919. Nina married Prince Paul Chavchavadze, a descendant of the last King of Georgia. The couple had one child, Prince David Chavchavadze. In 1939, the family moved to the United States, where Nina worked as an artist and her husband wrote books and also did translations. Her son became an agent for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Nina died in Hyannis, Massachusetts in 1974 at the age of 72.
Wikipedia: Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia

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Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia, Mrs. Leeds, Mrs. Jud (1903 – 1965)

Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia was the younger sister of Princess Nina above. As young children, Xenia and her sister Nina played with the two younger daughters of Tsar Nicholas II, Grand Duchesses Maria Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna. Xenia married twice. Her first marriage was to William Bateman Leeds, the son and heir of an American tin magnate. William’s mother, the very wealthy American widow, Nonnie May “Nancy” Stewart Worthington Leeds, had married Xenia’s uncle Prince Christopher of Greece, but Nancy died three years later due to cancer. Xenia and William had one child, Nancy Helen Marie Leeds, but their marriage ended in divorce after nine years. Xenia’s childless second marriage was to Herman Jud, who survived her.

Xenia is known for her involvement with Anna Anderson who claimed to be Xenia’s childhood playmate Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna. Xenia claimed that Anna Anderson was Anastasia, a claim we now know was false due to DNA testing. In 1965, at the age of 62, Xenia died in Glen Cove, New York.
Wikipedia: Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia

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Paternal First Cousin: Child of Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark and Princess Françoise of Orléans

Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark (born 1939)

Prince Michael is the only child of Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark and his second wife Princess Françoise of Orléans. Michael’s father died when he was less than a year old. Michael married Greek artist Marina Karella and the couple has two daughters. He is the author of several historical novels and biographies, and a contributing writer for Architectural Digest.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Michael of Greece

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven and Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby

Lady Tatiana Mountbatten (1917 – 1988)

Lady Tatiana Mountbatten was mentally disabled. She was a train bearer at the wedding of her aunt Lady Louise Mountbatten to Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, later King Gustaf VI Adolf and Queen Louise of Sweden. Eventually, Lady Tatiana was placed in St. Andrew’s Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in Northampton, England, where she spent the rest of her life.

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David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven (1919 – 1970)

David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven was the only son of George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven and Russian Countess Nadejda (Nada) Torby. He had a close relationship with his first cousin Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. They both attended Dartmouth Naval College and David served as best man at Prince Philip’s wedding to the future Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. David married twice. His first, childless marriage to Romaine Dahlgren Pierce ended in divorce after four years. He then married Janet Mercedes Bryce and the couple had two children: George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven and Lord Ivar Mountbatten. David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven died, aged 50, in 1970.
Wikipedia: David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven

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Maternal First Cousins: Children of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Edwina Ashley

Patricia (Mountbatten) Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma, Dowager Lady Brabourne (1924 – 2017)

Patricia (Mountbatten) Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma, Dowager Lady Brabourne is a British peer in her own right and the elder of the two daughters of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and his wife, the heiress Edwina Ashley. In 1946, Patricia married John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne and the couple had eight children. Upon the assassination of her father in 1979, Patricia succeeded to his titles as her father’s peerages had been created by the Crown with special remainder to his daughters and their heirs male.
Wikipedia: Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma

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Lady Pamela (Mountbatten) Hicks (born 1929)

Lady Pamela (Mountbatten) Hicks is the younger of the two daughters of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and his wife, the heiress Edwina Ashley. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of her first cousin Prince Philip and the future Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Pamela was a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth and was with her in Kenya when news of the death of King George VI was received. In 1960, Pamela married interior decorator and designer David Hicks, and the couple had three children including India Hicks who was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. Pamela has authored two volumes of her memoirs: India Remembered: A Personal Account of the Mountbattens During the Transfer of Power (2007) and Daughter of Empire: Life as a Mountbatten (2012).
Wikipedia: Lady Pamela Hicks

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Works Cited

  • Lundy, D. (2019). Main Page. [online] Thepeerage.com. Available at: http://www.thepeerage.com/. (for genealogy information)
  • Unofficial Royalty. (2019). Unofficial Royalty. [online] Available at: https://www.unofficialroyalty.com. (for biographical and genealogy information)
  • Wikipedia. (2019). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/.  (for biographical and genealogy information)

Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of the United Kingdom

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of the United Kingdom; Credit – Wikipedia

Her Highness Princess Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, known as Caroline of Brunswick, was the third child of the seven children of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Augusta of Great Britain, the elder sister of King George III of the United Kingdom. Born in Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel now in the German state of Lower Saxony, on May 17, 1768.

Caroline had six siblings:

Caroline was rebellious and a tomboy who preferred playing with her brothers instead of with girls. She grew up not very educated in her mother’s uncultured court. Caroline’s mother, the elder sister of King George III, spent her time knitting and doing embroidery with her ladies at her palace outside of Brunswick, Caroline’s father lived in Brunswick with his mistress. Like many German princesses, she was brought up with no religious instructions to keep her options open for marriage to a prince of any religion.

Caroline in 1795, shortly before her marriage; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1794, over the British Channel in Great Britain, the eldest son of King George III, George, Prince of Wales was once again severely in debt. If he married, Parliament would settle his debts and his allowance would be increased by £ 100,000. In 1784, George had fallen in love with Maria Fitzherbert, a twice-widowed Catholic Irish woman. A marriage with a Catholic would mean that George would lose his place in the succession as stipulated by the Act of Settlement 1701. In addition, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 prohibited marriage without the consent of the King, which would never have been granted. Nevertheless, the couple went through with a legally void marriage at Maria Fitzherbert’s home on December 21, 1785. Maria Fitzherbert was convinced she was the lawful wife of the Prince of Wales as she viewed church law to be superior to the law of the state. For political reasons, the marriage remained secret, although there were rumors spreading all over London, and Maria Fitzherbert had promised not to let anything about it be announced in public.

On June 23, 1794, Maria Fitzherbert was informed by letter that her relationship with the Prince of Wales was over. Caroline, his first cousin, was selected George’s bride. Great Britain was at war with revolutionary France and eager to obtain allies on the European mainland. Caroline and George were married on April 8, 1795, at the Chapel Royal, St. James’ Palace, in London.

George and Caroline’s wedding; Credit – Wikipedia

This marriage is one of the worst ever royal marriages. Upon first seeing Caroline, George said to his valet, “Harris, I am not well; pray get me a glass of brandy.” Caroline said George was fat and not as handsome as his portrait. It is doubtful that the couple spent more than a few nights together as husband and wife. Their only child, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was born nine months later.  They found each other equally unattractive and never lived together nor appeared in public together. To make matters worse, George’s mistress, Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, was appointed Caroline’s Lady of the Bedchamber. Caroline was ignored at the court and lived basically under house arrest, and after two and a half years, she left the court and lived for ten years in a Montagu House in Blackheath, London. She was denied any part in the raising of her daughter Charlotte and was allowed to see her only occasionally.

Caroline, Princess of Wales, 1798 by Sir Thomas Lawrence; Credit – Wikipedia

At Montagu House, Caroline provided a home for nine orphan children. In 1802, she adopted one of the children, William Austin, and rumors circulated that he was Caroline’s child. Caroline retorted, “Prove it, and he shall be your King!” A secret commission was set up, known as the “Delicate Investigation”, to investigate the claim that William Austin was Caroline’s son, but the commissioners found there was no real evidence for the allegation.

King George III became so ill that it was necessary for Parliament to pass the Regency Act of 1811.  George acted as Regent until his father died in 1820 and was known as The Prince Regent. Caroline was increasingly unhappy with her situation and treatment and negotiated a deal with the Foreign Secretary to allow her to leave the country in exchange for an annual allowance of £35,000. On August 8, 1814, Caroline left Great Britain and spent several years traveling in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunis, and Palestine. In Italy, she hired Bartolomeo Pergami as a courier and he soon became the head of her household, and rumors circulated that they were lovers. Caroline said that she had committed adultery only once – with Mrs. Fitzherbert’s husband.

A caricature mocking Caroline for her supposed affair with Pergami; Credit – Wikipedia

Caroline’s daughter Charlotte married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (the uncle of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and the future King of the Belgians), but she predeceased both her parents, dying in childbirth in 1817 at the age of 21, along with her son. Had Charlotte lived, she would have succeeded her father on the throne. Caroline, who had started receiving letters from her daughter once she was married, was devastated.

Caroline with her daughter Charlotte; Credit – Wikipedia

When King George III died in January of 1820, Caroline was determined to return to England and assert her rights as queen. On her way back to England, she received a proposal from George offering her £50,000 per year if she would continue to live outside of England. Caroline rejected the proposal and received a royal salute of 21 guns from Dover Castle when she set foot again in England. George was determined to be rid of Caroline and his government introduced a bill in Parliament, the Pains and Penalties Bill 1820, to strip Caroline of the title of queen consort and dissolve her marriage. The reading of the bill in Parliament was effectively a trial of Caroline. On November 10, 1820, a final reading of the bill took place, and the bill passed by 108–99. Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool then declared that since the vote was so close, and public tensions so high, the government was withdrawing the bill.

The Trial of Queen Caroline, 1820 by Sir George Hayter; Credit – Wikipedia (Caroline is sitting in a chair in the lower middle of the painting)

King George IV’s coronation was set for July 19, 1821, but no plans had been made for Caroline to participate. On the day of the coronation, Caroline went to Westminster Abbey, was barred at every entrance, and finally left. Three weeks later on August 7, 1821, Caroline died at the age of 53, most likely from a bowel obstruction or cancer. Prior to her death, Caroline had requested that she be buried in her native Brunswick. The official route of Caroline’s cortege through London was to avoid major streets. However, members of the public blocked those streets and forced a new route through the major streets. Caroline was buried at Brunswick Cathedral in Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick, now in the German state of Lower Saxony, alongside her father. Her casket bears the inscription, “Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England.”

Tomb of Queen Caroline: Credit – www.findagrave.com

This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.

Recommended book: The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline by Flora Fraser (non-fiction)

House of Hanover Resources at Unofficial Royalty

King George IV of the United Kingdom

by Susan Flantzer    © Unofficial Royalty 2015

King George IV of the United Kingdom; Credit – Wikipedia

King George IV, the eldest child of the fifteen children of King George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was born at St James’ Palace in London, England on August 12, 1762. George’s birth marked the first time an heir had been born to a reigning monarch since the birth of King James II’s son in 1688. At birth, George was automatically Duke of Cornwall as the eldest son of the reigning monarch. Five days after his birth, George was created Prince of Wales. He was christened at St James’s Palace by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury, and given the names George Augustus Frederick. His godparents were:

George (left) with his mother Queen Charlotte and younger brother Frederick, painted by Allan Ramsay in 1764; Credit – Wikipedia

George had fifteen siblings and he was 21 years older than his youngest sibling, Princess Amelia.

George III children

Queen Charlotte painted by Benjamin West in 1779 with her 13 eldest children; Credit – http://www.royalcollection.org.uk

George was created a Knight of the Garter at age three and was introduced to ceremonial functions at an early age. He was brought up and educated with his brother Prince Frederick at Kew Palace. Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness was their governor, and William Markham, Bishop of Chester was their chief tutor. After Markham became Archbishop of York, Richard Hurd, Bishop of Worcester became the princes’ chief tutor. The young princes spent eight hours a day with their tutors and learned to ride and fence.

Even as a young child, George irritated his father, starting another occurrence of Hanover heirs not getting along with their fathers. When he was a teenager, George increasingly rebelled against his parents. He became associated with prominent Whigs such as Charles James Fox, who were in opposition to the Conservative government of King George III. These Whig circles also promoted George’s gambling, his tendency to womanizing, and his extravagant lifestyle. Even before he came of age, George attracted the attention of London society by having an affair with Mary Robinson, actress, poet, dramatist, and novelist. Mary had gained fame portraying Perdita in Shakespeare’s The Winter Tale and was nicknamed Perdita. George was then nicknamed Florizel, Perdita’s love interest in the play. Caricatures and satires of the couple as Perdita and Florizel were popular at the time.

Caricature of the Prince of Wales as Florizel and Mary Robinson as Perdita, 1783; Credit – Wikipedia

Upon his 21st birthday in 1783, George became of age and received a grant from Parliament of £60,000 to pay his debts (£6,451,000 today) and an annual income of £50,000 (£5,376,000 today) from his father. To evade the strict lifestyle of his parents, George set up his own household at Carlton House, a residence on the Pall Mall in London. George’s lavish redecoration of Carlton House once again put him in debt and once again, Parliament and his father bailed him out.

Prince of Wales, Miniature by Richard Cosway, 1792; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1784, George fell in love with Maria Fitzherbert, a twice-widowed Catholic Irish woman. A marriage with a Catholic would mean that George would lose his place in the succession as stipulated by the Act of Settlement 1701. In addition, the Royal Marriages Act 1772, prohibited the marriage without the consent of the King, which would never have been granted. Nevertheless, the couple went through with a legally void marriage at Maria Fitzherbert’s home on December 21, 1785. Maria Fitzherbert was convinced she was the lawful wife of the Prince of Wales as she viewed church law to be superior to the law of the state. For political reasons, the marriage remained secret, although there were rumors spreading all over London, and Maria Fitzherbert had promised to not let anything about it be announced in public.

Maria Fitzherbert; Credit – Wikipedia

By 1794, George was again severely in debt. If he married, Parliament would settle his debts and his allowance would be increased by £ 100,000. On June 23, 1794, Maria Fitzherbert was informed by letter that her relationship with the Prince of Wales was over. Caroline of Brunswick, his first cousin, was selected as the bride. Her father Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, was a favorite nephew of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, and had distinguished himself as a commander in the Seven Years’ War. Britain was at war with revolutionary France and eager to obtain allies on the European mainland. Caroline’s mother Augusta was a sister of George III. Caroline and George were married on April 8, 1795, at the Chapel Royal, St. James’ Palace, in London.

George and Caroline’s wedding; Credit – Wikipedia

This marriage is one of the worst ever royal marriages.  Upon first seeing Caroline, George said to his valet, “Harris, I am not well. Pray get me a glass of brandy.”  Caroline said George was fat and not as handsome as his portrait.  It is doubtful that the couple spent more than a few nights together as husband and wife.  Their only child, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was born nine months later.  They found each other equally unattractive and never lived together nor appeared in public together.  Caroline was prevented from seeing her daughter. Their daughter Charlotte married Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (the uncle of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and the future King of the Belgians), but she predeceased both her parents, dying in childbirth in 1817 at the age of 21, along with her son. Had Charlotte lived, she would have succeeded her father on the throne.

Caroline eventually went to live abroad where she ran up debts and had lovers. She returned to England when George became king and he promptly started divorce proceedings.  However, a parliamentary bill dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her title of Queen failed.  Caroline was turned away from Westminster Abbey during her husband’s coronation in 1821.  She died a few weeks later and her remains were shipped back to her native Brunswick where she was buried at Brunswick Cathedral.  The inscription on her tomb reads, “Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England.”

During the reign of King George III, he suffered attacks of illness and there has been speculation that he suffered from porphyria. The American Revolutionary War and the loss of the American colonies was a great blow to George III and in 1788, he suffered another attack. This attack was more serious and George III was terribly deranged for a period of six months. At this time, Parliament had introduced a Regency Bill which made the Prince of Wales the Regent, but before it could be passed King George III recovered.

By 1805, King George III was almost completely blind. On October 25, 1809, a golden jubilee for the 50th year of his reign was held. Princess Amelia, George III’s youngest child, died on November 10, 1810, and this hastened his final decline. George III became so ill that it was necessary for Parliament to pass the Regency Act of 1811.  The Prince of Wales acted as Regent until his father died in 1820 and was known as The Prince Regent. Queen Charlotte was her husband’s legal guardian, but could not bring herself to visit him due to his violent outbursts and erratic behavior.

Upon the death of King George III on January 29, 1820, The Prince Regent succeeded to the throne as King George IV. At the time of his succession, George IV was obese and probably addicted to laudanum. His coronation, on July 19, 1821, despite being expensive and lavish, was popular with the British people.

King George IV’s coronation; Credit – Wikipedia

King George IV in his coronation robes; Credit – Wikipedia

George IV was the first British monarch to visit Ireland (in August 1821) since the reign of King Richard II in the 14th century and the first British Hanover monarch (the British Hanover kings were also Kings of Hanover) to visit Hanover (in September 1821) in 66 years. His 21-day visit to Scotland in 1822, organized by author Sir Walter Scott, was the first by a British monarch since the reign of King Charles II. On his trip to Scotland, George IV frequently wore a kilt and this helped to make the traditional garb of Highland Scotland popular during the 19th century.

King George IV during his 1822 trip to Scotland; Credit – Wikipedia

The trip to Scotland was the last major trip that George IV took. After that, suffering from gout, arteriosclerosis, edema, and possibly porphyria, he spent more and more time in seclusion at Windsor Castle. Because of his excessive lifestyle, he had become so fat (his weight in 1830 was 130 kg/280 lbs) that he increasingly was an object of ridicule when he appeared in public. George IV’s final illness began in January 1830 with a severe cough. He improved slightly in March 1830 but continued to have respiratory problems, faintness, and urinary tract pain. King George IV died at the age of 67 on June 26, 1830, at Windsor Castle and the throne passed to the next surviving son of King George III, Prince William, Duke of Clarence who reigned as King William IV. George IV was buried in the Royal Tomb House at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.

Lithograph of George IV in profile, by George Atkinson, printed by C. Hullmandel, 1821; Credit – Wikipedia

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House of Hanover Resources at Unofficial Royalty

Caroline of Ansbach, Queen of Great Britain

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Credit – Wikipedia

Her Serene Highness Markgräfin (Margravine) Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, known as Caroline of Ansbach, was the wife of King George II of Great Britain. Born on March 11, 1683, at the Residenz Ansbach in Ansbach, Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach, now in Bavaria, Germany, Caroline was the eldest of the three children of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his second wife Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach,

Caroline had two younger siblings:

Caroline also had five older half-siblings from her father’s first marriage to Margravine Johanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach:

Ansbach in the 17th century; Credit -Wikipedia

When Caroline was three years old, her father died of smallpox, causing her mother and her siblings to live in poor circumstances in Crailsheim now in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Her mother Eleonore Erdmuthe remarried in 1692 to Johann Georg IV, Elector of Saxony, and Caroline and her brother Wilhelm Friedrich accompanied their mother to Saxony. The marriage was not a happy one. Johann Georg had been forced to marry by his mother to produce heirs and to end the affair between Johann Georg and his mistress. However, Johann Georg refused to give up his mistress and attempted to murder Eleonore Erdmuthe so he would be able to marry his mistress. The murder was averted by Johann Georg’s younger brother (known as Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony), who parried the murder weapon, a sword, away from Eleonore Erdmuthe. Two years after the marriage, Johann Georg died of smallpox, and Caroline moved with her mother and brother to Schloss Pretzsch,  the residence of the widow of the Elector of Saxony.

In 1696, Eleonore Erdmuthe died and the 13-year-old orphaned Caroline was placed in the care of Friedrich, Elector of Brandenburg and his wife Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (later King and Queen in Prussia), who had been a friend of Eleonore Erdmuthe. Sophia Charlotte was the only daughter of Electress Sophia of Hanover, the grandmother of Caroline’s future husband, so Caroline became acquainted with the Hanover family. Sophia Charlotte was intelligent and attracted many scholars to her court including the mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz, and Caroline was exposed to this intellectual environment and developed into quite a scholar.

Caroline was considered beautiful and well-educated, had several suitors, and Electress Sophia put her on a list of suitable wives for her grandson, the future King George II of Great Britain. George, whose title at the time was Electoral Prince of Hanover, traveled incognito to inspect his potential bride because his father did not want his son to repeat the disaster of his marriage. George immediately liked Caroline and the couple married on August 22, 1705, at the palace chapel at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hanover. The marriage was a successful, happy one although George had mistresses which Caroline knew about. The couple had eight children and through their children’s marriages, George and Caroline are the ancestors of many European royal families including the British, Danish, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish Royal Families.

George II and his family; Credit – Wikipedia

George’s father had a change in fortune when the British House of Stuart failed to produce a legitimate Protestant heir. His mother Electress Sophia of Hanover was the closest Protestant heir and was named the heiress presumptive to the British throne. However, Sophia of Hanover died two months before Queen Anne of Great Britain died and George’s father succeeded to the British throne as King George I in 1714 upon the death of Queen Anne. George was automatically Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, and Earl of Carrick. On September 27, 1714, King George I created his eldest son Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. Caroline was styled with the feminine versions of her husband’s titles.

George and Caroline made a concerted effort to learn English and acquire knowledge about Britain’s people, politics, and customs. George had a very poor relationship with his father. The first big rift occurred because of a disagreement over the choice of godparents for the Prince and Princess of Wales’ short-lived son George William, born in 1717. The disagreement grew out of proportion, and George was placed under arrest. The result was that George and Caroline were exiled from St. James’ Palace. They moved into Leicester House in Leicester Square, London which became their chief residence for the rest of King George I’s reign. However, their children were kept at St. James’ Palace in the custody of their grandfather. Caroline acted as a mediator, and in cooperation with Prime Minister Robert Walpole, she finally reconciled King George I and his son.

On June 11, 1727, King George I died and was buried in Hanover, and his son succeeded him as King George II. George and Caroline were crowned at Westminster Abbey on October 22, 1727.

studio of Charles Jervas, oil on canvas, 1727

Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, studio of Charles Jervas, oil on canvas, 1727, 86 in. x 50 1/4 in. (2185 mm x 1276 mm), Purchased, 1873, Primary Collection, NPG 369 © National Portrait Gallery, London

Queen Caroline played a greater role in governmental affairs than any queen consort since the Middle Ages. King George II had initially dismissed Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister of his father, but Caroline persuaded her husband to recall Walpole. During the absences of her husband, Caroline led the affairs of state, together with Prime Minister Robert Walpole. She initiated a reform of English criminal law when an investigation uncovered widespread abuses. Many historians have concluded that King George II was largely led by his queen. Caroline’s influence is illustrated in a poem popular at the time:

You may strut, dapper George, but ’twill all be in vain,
We know ’tis Queen Caroline, not you, that reign.
You govern no more than Don Philip of Spain.
Then if you would have us fall down and adore you,
Lock up your fat spouse, as your dad did before you.

Caroline had many scientific and artistic interests. She corresponded with several intellectuals including mathematician Gottfried Leibniz, whom she had met when she was a child, and Christian Thomasius, German jurist and philosopher. Caroline supported French philosopher Voltaire during his exile in England from 1726-1729. Voltaire thanked her by dedicating his epic poem La Henriade to her. Caroline was also considered one of the greatest promoters of the composer George Frideric Handel, who had come to England with King George I. Handel dedicated his famous Water Music to her.

by Jacopo Amigoni, oil on canvas, 1735

Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburg-Ansbach by Jacopo Amigoni, oil on canvas, 1735, NPG 4332 © National Portrait Gallery, London

In 1724, during the birth of her youngest child, Caroline sustained an umbilical hernia. She ignored the condition until it became acute in November 1737. Then she was bled, purged, and operated on, without anesthetic, but there was no improvement in her condition. Gangrene set in and she died on November 20, 1737, at St. James’ Palace in London, England at the age of 54. As she lay dying, she begged her grief-stricken husband to marry again. George replied, “Never, never. I shall have only mistresses.” When George died, he left instructions that the sideboards of their coffins be removed so the two could be joined together in death.

Caroline was buried in Westminster Abbey in London, England, the last Queen Consort to be buried there. George Frideric Handel, who had been her friend for more than 30 years, composed, within a week, The Ways of Zion Do Mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline, which was performed at her funeral on December 17, 1737.

Inscription on the floor of the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey marking the grave of Caroline of Ansbach; Credit – www.findagrave.com

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King George II of Great Britain

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Credit – Wikipedia

The last British monarch born outside of Great Britain, King George II was born at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hanover, Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, now in the German state of Lower Saxony, on November 10, 1683. He was the elder of the two children of Georg Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later King George I of Great Britain), and his wife and first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle.  Georg Ludwig had a change in fortune when the British House of Stuart failed to produce a legitimate Protestant heir. His mother Sophia of Hanover was the closest Protestant heir and was named the heiress presumptive to the British throne. However, Sophia of Hanover died two months before Queen Anne of Great Britain died and Georg Ludwig succeeded to the British throne as King George I in 1714 upon the death of Queen Anne.

George had one sister:

George with his mother and sister, circa 1691; Credit – Wikipedia

George’s parents both committed adultery and their marriage was dissolved in 1694 when George was 11 years old. His mother was considered the guilty party and was confined in the Castle of Ahlden in Celle, Principality of Celle, now in Lower Saxony, Germany, for the rest of her life and George never saw her again. George and his sister Sophia were raised by their grandmother, the Dowager Electress of Hanover Sophia with the help of her Mistress of the Robes, Frau von Harling. The Dowager Electress provided English tutors for her grandchildren and great-grandchildren as soon as she was declared heiress presumptive to the British throne by the 1701 Act of Settlement. George also studied German, Italian, and particularly enjoyed studying genealogy, military history, and battle tactics. In 1705, George was naturalized as a British citizen via the Sophia Naturalization Act and was created a Knight of the Garter in 1706. On November 9, 1706, he was created Baron Tewkesbury, Viscount Northallerton, Earl of Milford Haven, and Duke and Marquess of Cambridge.

George’s father was keen on his marrying a woman he loved, so George traveled incognito to inspect a potential bride, Caroline of Ansbach, the daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his wife Princess Eleonore of Saxony-Eisenach. George immediately liked Caroline and the couple married on August 22, 1705, at the palace chapel at Schloss Herrenhausen. The marriage was a successful, happy one although George had mistresses which Caroline knew about. The couple had eight children and through their children’s marriages, George and Caroline are the ancestors of many European royal families including the British, Danish, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish Royal Families.

George II and his family; Credit – Wikipedia

Queen Anne died on August 1, 1714, shortly after the death of the Electress Sophia on June 8, 1714, and Sophia’s son succeeded to the British throne as King George I, the first monarch of the House of Hanover. His eldest son George was automatically Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, and Earl of Carrick. On September 27, 1714, King George I created his eldest son Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.

George as Prince of Wales; Credit – Wikipedia

George had a very poor relationship with his father. The first big rift occurred because of a disagreement over the choice of godparents for the Prince and Princess of Wales’ short-lived son George William, born in 1717. The disagreement grew out of proportion, and George was placed under arrest. The result was that George and Caroline were exiled from St. James’ Palace. They moved into Leicester House in Leicester Square, London which became their chief residence for the rest of King George I’s reign. However, their children were kept at St. James’ Palace in the custody of their grandfather.

On June 11, 1727, King George I died in Hanover, was buried there, and his son succeeded him as King George II. George II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on October 22, 1727. The composer George Frederick Handel was commissioned to write four new anthems for the coronation, including the rousing Zadok the Priest which has been played at every British coronation ever since. You can see it performed at the link below.

studio of Charles Jervas, oil on canvas, circa 1727

King George II, studio of Charles Jervas, oil on canvas, circa 1727 NPG 368 © National Portrait Gallery, London

Like his father, George had a negative relationship with his eldest son Frederick, Prince of Wales. Upon his father’s accession, George and his wife Caroline went to live in Great Britain as Prince and Princess of Wales. They left seven-year-old Frederick, now second in the line of succession to the British throne, in Hanover in the care of his great-uncle Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, and they did not see their son again for 14 years. Certainly, this long separation during childhood was a factor in the negative relationship Frederick had with his parents as an adult. In 1728, Frederick, who automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at his father’s accession, was summoned to London.  There was more evidence of the feud between Frederick and his parents.  He was the heir to the throne but was not even met by any officials when he first arrived in London and had to take a hackney carriage to St. James’ Palace.

When Frederick’s wife Augusta went into labor with her first child at Hampton Court Palace where the King and Queen were in residence, Frederick insisted that Augusta endure a bumpy carriage ride back to St. James’ Palace in London just to prevent his hated parents from being present at the birth.  This event created an even larger rift between Frederick and his parents. Frederick predeceased his father, dying in 1751 at the age of 44. King George II was playing cards with his mistress when he was told of Frederick’s death.  He continued playing cards and later said, “I have lost my eldest son, but I am glad,” so the feud between father and son did not even end with death. Frederick’s eldest son George was now the heir apparent and was created Prince of Wales.

Frederick, Prince of Wales; Credit – Wikipedia

Queen Caroline played a greater role in governmental affairs than any queen consort since the Middle Ages. She gave her support to Prime Minister Robert Walpole and found a great mentor in John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, a Whig Member of Parliament. Caroline’s influence is illustrated in a couplet popular at the time:

You may strut, dapper George, but ’twill all be in vain,
We know ’tis Queen Caroline, not you, that reign.

On November 20, 1737, Queen Caroline died of gangrene following an operation. As she lay dying, she begged her grief-stricken husband to marry again. George replied, “Never, never. I shall have only mistresses.” When George died, he left instructions that the sideboards of their coffins be removed so the two could be joined together in death.

Queen Caroline, circa 1735, by Joseph Highmore; Credit – Wikipedia

In 1743, King George II became the last British monarch to lead an army into battle at the Battle of Dettingen during the War of the Austrian Succession. The Jacobites once again attempted to put a Catholic Stuart on the British throne in 1745-1746 during the Jacobite Rising of 1745.  The Stuart in rebellion this time was Charles Edward Stuart, “Bonnie Prince Charlie” or “the Young Pretender.” Charles Edward was the son of the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart and the grandson of King James II. The rebellion failed and the Jacobites were defeated once and for all at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 by an army led by King George II’s son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland who gained the nickname “Butcher of Culloden.”

King George II at the Battle of Dettingen; Credit – Wikipedia

The British National Anthem has its origins during King George II’s reign. The earliest version, God Save Great George Our King, was first heard in 1745 when King George II attended a gala performance at Drury Lane Theater in London in celebration of the defeat of Charles Edward Stuart, “Bonnie Prince Charlie” or “the Young Pretender.” King George II is related to another famous musical work, Handel’s Hallelujah Chorus. No one really knows why or when the custom of standing during the Hallelujah Chorus began. The most common theory is that King George II, attending the London premiere of “The Messiah’’ in March 1743, was so moved by the Hallelujah Chorus that he stood up. If the king stands, everybody stands. However, there is no contemporary evidence he was at the concert.

King George II, circa 1753 by Thomas Worlidge; Credit – Wikipedia

On October 25, 1760, King George II woke up early at Kensington Palace and had his usual cup of chocolate. He asked about the direction of the wind as he was anxious about receiving his overseas mail, and then he entered his water closet. A few minutes later, his valet heard a crash and found George lying on the floor. He was put into bed and asked for his favorite daughter Princess Amelia, but he died before the princess reached him. An autopsy showed that he died of a ruptured aortic aneurysm. King George II was buried in Westminster Abbey, the last monarch to be buried there. He was succeeded by his grandson, King George III.

Inscription on the floor of the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey marking the grave of George II, Credit: www.findagrave.com

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Sophia Dorothea of Celle, Electoral Princess of Hanover

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Sophia Dorothea of Celle, Electoral Princess of Hanover; Credit – Wikipedia

Sophia Dorothea of Celle was never Queen, but she was the wife of King George I of Great Britain before he became King, the mother of King George II of Great Britain, and the ancestor of the current British Royal Family. She was born on September 15, 1666, in Celle, Principality of Celle now in Lower Saxony, Germany, the only child of Georg Wilhelm, Prince of Celle and his mistress Éléonore d’Esmier d’Olbreuse.  Sophia’s mother was from a noble, but untitled French Huguenot family. Éléonore was a lady-in-waiting to Marie de la Tour d’Auvergne, Duchess of Thouars whose son had married into the Hesse-Kassel family. During a visit to Hesse-Kassel in 1664, Éléonore met Georg Wilhelm who immediately fell in love with her. Éléonore became Georg Wilhelm’s mistress and received the title Frau (Lady) von Harburg. In 1674, their daughter Sophia Dorothea was legitimized by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I who granted Éléonore the titles Gräfin (Countess) von Harburg and Wilhelmsburg. Éléonore and Georg Wilhelm married morganatically in 1676. Because of her mother’s background, Sophia Dorothea was not considered as a marriage prospect by many of the German ruling houses.

Georg Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1680; Credit – Wikipedia

At the age of 16, in a marriage arranged by the bride and groom’s fathers (who were brothers), Sophia Dorothea was married to her first cousin, 22-year old Georg Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the eldest son of Ernst August, Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of the Palatinate (commonly referred to as Electress Sophia of Hanover), whose mother was Elizabeth Stuart, the second child and eldest daughter of King James VI of Scotland/King James I of England. The couple had two children:

Sophia Dorothea with her two children, circa 1691; Credit – Wikipedia

The marriage was happy at first, but soon both George and Sophia Dorothea found affection elsewhere. George fell in love with one of his mother’s ladies-in-waiting, Melusine von der Schulenburg.  Sophia Dorothea fell in love with a Swedish Count, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, an officer in the Hanoverian army. Despite warnings, from her mother and friends, Sophia Dorothea and her lover wrote letters to each other, met secretly, and planned to escape Hanover together. On the morning of July 2, 1694, after a meeting with Sophia Dorothea, von Königsmarck disappeared from Leineschloss Castle in Hanover and was never seen again. It was widely believed that George ordered von Königsmarck’s death. There is some speculation that the letters were forgeries, and the question of Sophia Dorothea’s guilt is still debated. On December 28, 1694, a tribunal of judges and Lutheran Church officials declared the marriage of George and Sophia Dorothea dissolved on the grounds of Sophia Dorothea’s desertion.

Philip Christoph von Königsmarck; Credit – Wikipedia

Meanwhile, Sophia Dorothea had been moved to the Castle of Ahlden in her father’s territory of the Principality of Celle now in Lower Saxony, Germany. She hoped to be reunited with von Königsmarck, whose disappearance had not been made known to her. Finally, Sophia Dorothea was told about the terms of the marriage dissolution. Because she was considered the guilty party, she was not allowed to remarry, would never again see her children, and would be kept as a prisoner at the Castle of Ahlden for the remainder of her life. The Castle of Ahlden had a guard unit of 40 soldiers with five to ten of them guarding the castle around the clock. Sophia Dorothea had a household consisting of two maids of honor, several maids, and other staff for the household and kitchen, who were all chosen for their loyalty to Hanover.

Castle of Ahlden; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

Sophia Dorothea’s former husband had a change in fortune when the British House of Stuart failed to provide a legitimate Protestant heir. His mother Sophia of Hanover was the closest Protestant heir and was named the heiress presumptive to the British throne. Sophia of Hanover died two months before Queen Anne of Great Britain died and Sophia Dorothea’s former husband succeeded to the British throne as King George I in 1714 upon the death of Queen Anne.

Although Sophia Dorothea spent 32 years in captivity, she received an income that allowed her to live in the style of a princess and she was able to go for drives in her coach with an escort. Her father refused to visit her, but her mother Éléonore did make visits. During the last years of her life, Éléonore cared for her daughter and unsuccessfully tried to obtain her release. Éléonore asked Queen Anne to assist in obtaining Sophia Dorothea’s release as her situation was not befitting the mother of a future king of Great Britain.

When her former father-in-law died in 1698, Sophia Dorothea expressed her condolences in a letter to her former husband, saying that she would pray for him every day, begging him to forgive her error, and asking, in vain, to be allowed to see her two children. As Sophia Dorothea’s father was on his deathbed in 1705, he wanted to see his daughter one last time in order to make peace with her, but Prime Minister Count Bernstorff refused and the dying man did not have the strength to stand up to him. In 1722, Sophia Dorothea’s mother died, and surrounded only by enemies, Sophia Dorothea hoped to see her daughter once again. Her daughter, now Queen of Prussia, came to Hanover to see her father, King George I, in 1725, when he was on one of his visits to Hanover. Sophia Dorothea, who heard the news that her daughter was in Hanover, dressed more carefully than usual and waited in vain at the window every day for a visit from her daughter.

Sophia Dorothea apparently drowned her sorrows in the pleasure of eating, and became quite corpulent, increasingly suffering from fevers and indigestion. She suffered a stroke in August 1726 and never again left her bed. Sophia Dorothea refused medical attention and food and died on November 13, 1726, at the age of 60. King George I would not allow mourning at the British court and was furious when he learned that his daughter had ordered court mourning in Prussia.

Because the guards at the Castle of Ahlden had no funeral or burial instructions, Sophia Dorothea’s remains were placed in a lead coffin and stored in the castle cellar. In January 1727, orders came from London to bury the remains without any ceremony in the cemetery of Ahlden. However, this was impossible because of weeks of heavy rains and the coffin remained in the castle cellar. Finally, in May 1727, Sophia Dorothea was buried in the middle of the night beside her parents at the Stadtkirche St. Marien in Celle, Principality of Celle now in Lower Saxony, Germany. Her former husband King George I died four weeks later after receiving a deathbed letter from Sophia Dorothea cursing him, and their son acceded to the British throne as King George II.

Stadtkirche St. Marien in Celle, Germany; Credit – Wikipedia

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King George I of Great Britain

by Susan Flantzer  © Unofficial Royalty 2015

Credit – Wikipedia

His Highness Duke Georg Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg was born on May 28, 1660, at Leineschloss in Hanover, now in Lower Saxony, Germany. He was the eldest of the seven children of Ernst August, Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of the Palatinate (commonly referred to as Electress Sophia of Hanover).   Sophia’s mother was Elizabeth Stuart, the second child and eldest daughter of King James VI of Scotland/King James I of England. At the time of his birth, it was expected that Georg Ludwig would succeed to his father’s titles. However, his destiny changed when the British House of Stuart failed to provide a legitimate Protestant heir.

George had five brothers and one sister:

  • Friedrich August of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1661–90), Major General in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, died in action during the Great Turkish War, unmarried
  • Maximilian Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1666–1726), Field Marshal in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, unmarried
  • Sophia Charlotte (1668–1705), married Friedrich I, King in Prussia, had issue
  • Karl Philip of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1669–90), Colonel in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, died in action during the Great Turkish War, unmarried
  • Christian Heinrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1671–1703) Lieutenant General in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, drowned in the Danube River during the War of Spanish Succession
  • Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of York and Albany (1674–1728), became Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück as Ernst Augustus II

George in 1680; Credit – Wikipedia

George’s mother had an unhappy childhood and took much care in ensuring that her children had a happy home and a good education. George loved to ride, hunt, and participate in military exercises. In December 1680, George made a three-month visit to his future kingdom of Great Britain and rumors were flying that he would become the husband of his second cousin Princess Anne, the future Queen Anne, whom he later succeeded.

In 1675, George first saw military service. He was involved in the Dutch and Turkish wars and exhibited distinguished service at the Battle of Neerwinden. During the War of the Spanish Succession, George commanded the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire on the Upper Rhine.

When George returned home after his three-month visit to Great Britain, his father chose Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle as his son’s bride. The bride-to-be was the only child of Georg Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his long-time mistress, Eleonore d’Esmier d’Olbreuse. Sophia Dorothea and George were first cousins as their fathers were brothers. The marriage ensured an income from Celle of 100,000 thalers a year and the eventual unification of Hanover and Celle. At first, George’s mother was against the marriage because of Sophia Dorothea’s non-royal mother. However, the financial and political advantages of the marriage eventually swayed her to agree to the match. On November 22, 1682, in Celle, 16-year-old Sophia Dorothea married 22-year-old George. The couple had two children:

Sophia Dorothea with her two children, circa 1691; Credit – Wikipedia

The marriage was happy at first, but soon both George and Sophia Dorothea found affection elsewhere. George fell in love with one of his mother’s ladies-in-waiting, Melusine von der Schulenburg.  Sophia Dorothea fell in love with a Swedish Count, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, an officer in the Hanoverian army. Despite warnings from her mother and friends, Sophia Dorothea and her lover wrote letters to each other, met secretly, and planned to escape Hanover together. On the morning of July 2, 1694, after a meeting with Sophia Dorothea, von Königsmarck disappeared from Leineschloss Castle and was never seen again. It was widely believed that George ordered von Königsmarck’s death. There is some speculation that the letters were forgeries, and the question of Sophia Dorothea’s guilt is still debated.

On December 28, 1694, a tribunal of judges and Lutheran Church officials declared the marriage of George and Sophia Dorothea dissolved on the grounds of Sophia Dorothea’s desertion. George was not satisfied with punishing his former wife with just a marriage dissolution.  He had his 27-year-old former wife imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden until she died 32 years later. Sophia Dorothea was never allowed to see her children again. Because her son George resembled his mother, his father despised him, which was the beginning of the father-son problems that plagued the Hanovers for four generations.

George’s father died on January 23, 1698, and George succeeded him as the Elector of Hanover and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.  George’s court encouraged culture and learning and among those who frequented his court were the mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz and the composer George Frederick Handel.  Handel later settled in England and in 1727 wrote four coronation anthems for the coronation of King George II. One of the anthems, Zadok the Priest, has been played at every British coronation since then.

George as Elector of Hanover, 1707; Credit – Wikipedia

On July 30, 1700, a death occurred in the British Royal Family that would drastically affect George’s life. Less than a week after his 11th birthday, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester died. William’s mother, the future Queen Anne, had 17 pregnancies and tragically only three of the pregnancies resulted in children who lived longer than a few days. The promise of the Stuart succession had been with Anne’s only surviving child William. William’s death caused a succession crisis as his mother was the only person remaining in the Protestant line to the throne established by the Bill of Rights of 1689. This caused Parliament to enact the 1701 Act of Settlement which made George’s mother Sophia of Hanover, a granddaughter of King James I and the nearest Protestant in the line of succession, heiress presumptive to the British throne. The British throne would go to Sophia and her Protestant heirs if King William III or Princess Anne, the sister of William III’s deceased wife and co-ruler Queen Mary II, had no children. The Act of Settlement bypassed 56 Catholics who had a better hereditary claim to the throne than Sophia.

George was created a Knight of the Garter in August of 1701. On March 8, 1702, King William III died and the sister of his deceased wife and co-ruler Queen Mary II became Queen Anne. In 1705, George became a British citizen via the Sophia Naturalization Act. Sophia died on June 8, 1714, at the age of 83.  She narrowly missed becoming queen, having died two months before Queen Anne. Queen Anne died on August 1, 1714, and George became King George I of Great Britain, the first of the Hanover monarchs.

George made his state entry into London on September 20, 1714. He was accompanied by his mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, who was nicknamed “the Maypole” by the English because of her tall thin appearance. Melusine became a naturalized British citizen in 1716 and in the same year was created Baroness of Dundalk, Countess, and Marchioness of Dungannon and Duchess of Munster for life. In 1719, she was further created Baroness of Glastonbury and Somerset, Countess of Feversham, and Duchess of Kendal for life.

Melusine von der Schulenburg; Credit – Wikipedia

At George’s request, Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI created Melusine Princess of Eberstein. This gives some credence to the belief that George and Melusine had secretly married. British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole said of Melusine, “She was as much Queen of England as ever any was.” Melusine and George had three children, two were officially recognized as the children of Melusine’s sister Gertrud and her husband Friedrich Achaz von der Schulenburg, and one was officially recognized as the child of her other sister Sophia Juliane von Oeynhausen.

Less than a year after George’s accession, the first uprising of the Jacobites, who supported the Catholic Stuart line, broke out. The aim of the rebels was to overthrow George and replace him with Queen Anne’s Catholic half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender) as King James III. The uprising culminated in the Battle of Preston on November 9-14, 1715.  The Jacobites won the first day of the battle, but government reinforcements arrived the next day and the Jacobites eventually surrendered. Many Jacobite prisoners were executed or sent to British colonies as slaves, and numerous Scottish noble families lost their lands.

Even though he was the King of Great Britain, George never lost sight that he remained Elector of Hanover. He lived mainly in Great Britain, but did make several visits to Hanover and spent about 20% of his reign there. George remained Lutheran but was the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church) and the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian Church). Although George spoke four languages fairly well (Latin, French, Italian, and English) in addition to German, the notion still persists that he only spoke German and hardly understood a word of English.

George was happy to leave the affairs of Great Britain in the hands of his ministers. In choosing his ministers from the Whig Party, George laid the foundation for the 50-year dominance of the Whigs. Cabinet government began during King George I’s reign and Robert Walpole, the head of the majority party in the House of Commons, became the first British Prime Minister.

King George I; Credit – Wikipedia

On June 3, 1727, King George I set out for another visit to Hanover. During the journey, George became ill and lost consciousness. It was noticed that his face had become distorted and his right hand hung limply at his side, a sign that he had suffered a stroke. The courtiers decided to continue with the journey to Hanover, where George died in the Prince-Bishop’s Palace in the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, now in Lower Saxony, Germany, on June 11, 1727, at the age of 67. Following the instructions of George’s son, now King George II, George was buried in the chapel at Leineschloss in the Electorate of Hanover, now in Lower Saxony, Germany. He was the first British monarch since King Richard I in 1199 to be buried outside of Britain. The castle and the chapel were severely damaged during World War II and in 1957, King George I’s remains were re-interred at the Berggarten Mausoleum at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hanover, Germany, near his mother’s burial site.

Berggarten Mausoleum at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hanover, Germany; Photo Credit – Wikipedia

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