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Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, granddaughter of Queen Victoria; Credit – Wikipedia

November 16, 1093 – Death of Saint Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Scots, wife of Malcolm III, King of Scots, at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland; first buried at Dunfermline Abbey, Scotland. During the Scottish Reformation in 1560, Dunfermline Abbey was sacked and fell into disrepair.  Margaret’s remains, along with those of her husband, were transferred to a chapel in Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial near Madrid, Spain by King Philip II of Spain but the location of the remains is now unknown.
Despite being called Saint Margaret of Scotland, Margaret was born an Anglo-Saxon princess around 1045 in Hungary.  Her father was Edward the Exile (also called Edward Ætheling), the son of King Edmund Ironside (King Edmund II). Margaret and her family returned to England in 1057. Following the death of King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, her brother Edgar Ætheling was elected King of England but never crowned. After she and her family fled north, Margaret married Malcolm III, King of Scots by the end of 1070. The couple had eight children including three Kings of Scots and Edith who married King Henry I of England and is the ancestor of the British and other European royal families. In her private life, Margaret exhibited great piety. She had certain times of the day for prayer and reading the Bible. She ate sparingly and slept little in order to have time for prayers. In 1093, Margaret’s husband Malcolm and her eldest son Edward were killed at the Battle of Alnwick. Margaret was already ill when her husband and eldest son went off to battle. She died just three days after her husband and son’s death. Margaret was canonized as a saint in 1250 by Pope Innocent IV.
Unofficial Royalty: Saint Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Scots

November 16, 1272 – Death of King Henry III of England at the Palace of Westminster in London, England; buried at Westminster Abbey in London, England
King Henry III became king on October 18, 1216, at the age of nine, and reigned 56 years, 29 days, until his death in 1272. Among British monarchs, only King George III, Queen Victoria, and Queen Elizabeth II have reigned longer. He was the first child of King John and his second wife Isabella, Countess of Angoulême, and named after King John’s father, King Henry II. In 1236,  Henry married Eleanor of Provence and the couple had five children. The English barons became displeased with Henry III’s demands for extra funds, Henry’s methods of government, and widespread famine. This displeasure ultimately resulted in a civil war, the Second Barons’ War (1264–1267). Ultimately, authority was restored to King Henry III and severe retribution was exacted on the rebellious barons. Henry III’s most important legacy is Westminster Abbey. In 1042, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St. Peter’s Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church, the first Westminster Abbey. Construction of the second and present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial. In 1269, Henry oversaw a grand ceremony to rebury Edward the Confessor in a magnificent new shrine, personally helping to carry the body to its new resting place. When Henry III died in1272 at the age of 69, by his own direction, he was buried in the original coffin of Edward the Confessor. Eventually, a grander tomb was built for Henry and in 1290, his remains were moved to their current location in Westminster Abbey in Edward the Confessor’s Chapel, in a tomb directly north of Edward the Confessor’s shrine.
Unofficial Royalty: King Henry III of England

November 16, 1632 – Death of King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden at the Battle of Lützen, near Lützen, Electorate of Saxony, now in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany; buried at Riddarholmen Church in Stockholm, Sweden
Also known as Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden, he was officially given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the Estates, the legislature, in 1634, two years after his death in battle. Gustavus Adolphus is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history and made Sweden a great power that would result in it becoming one of Europe’s largest and leading nations during the early modern period. In 1620, Gustavus Adolphus married Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. Although Gustavus Adolphus was successful in many endeavors, he was not successful in providing a male heir. His only surviving child was a daughter Christina, who succeeded her father. At the age of 37, Gustavus Adolphus died in the Battle of Lützen during the Thirty Years War.
Unofficial Royalty: King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden

November 16, 1673 – Birth of Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, favorite of Peter I, Emperor of All Russia, in Moscow, Russia
Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was a Russian statesman and military leader and a boyhood friend and favorite of Peter I (the Great), Emperor of All Russia. In 1697, Peter I traveled incognito to Western Europe on an 18-month tour called the Grand Embassy and Alexander accompanied him. In the Netherlands, Peter I and Alexander studied shipbuilding and those skills were later used to build the Russian navy. They traveled to Manchester, England to learn the techniques of city-building which would later be used to found the city of St. Petersburg. A number of times, in his various positions and situations, Alexander Menshikov abused his power even though he was well aware of the principles on which Peter I’s reforms were conducted and was Peter I’s right hand in all his endeavors. Alexander’s corrupt practices frequently brought him to the verge of ruin.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, favorite of Peter I, Emperor of All Russia

November 16, 1725 – Birth of Christiane Henriette of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont, wife of Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, in Ribeauvillé, France
In 1741, Christiane Henriette married her first cousin, Karl August, the reigning Prince of Waldek-Pyrmont. The couple had seven children including two reigning Princes of Waldeck-Pyrmont. Through Christiane Henriette, her children were the first cousins of Grand Duke Ludwig II of Hesse and by Rhine, King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, Grand Duke Karl Friedrich of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and King Ludwig I of Bavaria. When Karl August died in 1763, he was succeeded by his son Friedrich Karl August. Christiane Henriette served as Regent of the Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont until Friedrich Karl August reached his majority. Christiane Henriette survived her husband by fifty-three years, dying on February 11, 1816, aged 90.
Unofficial Royalty: Christiane Henriette of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont

November 16, 1797 – Death of Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia at the Marble Palace in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Brandenburg, Germany; buried at Berlin Cathedral in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, now in Brandenburg, Germany
Friedrich Wilhelm became King of Prussia in 1786, upon the death of his uncle, King Friedrich II, better known as Frederick the Great. He moved the Prussian court – for many years based in Potsdam – back to Berlin, and overturned many of his uncle’s policies. Through his patronage of the arts and work toward improving trade and transportation, he became quite popular with the Prussian people. However, that popularity soon faded, when he began to impose consumption taxes on items such as sugar, flour, and beer. He also depleted the country’s treasury by overspending during military ventures and his personal building projects. Having been in ill health for some time, Friedrich Wilhelm II retreated to the Marble Palace in October 1797, where he limited his court to just a few close confidants, including his official mistress, Countess von Lichtenau. By early November, his health was rapidly declining, and he handed over his responsibilities to his son and heir. King Friedrich Wilhelm II died at the Marble Palace in Potsdam at the age of 53.
Unofficial Royalty: King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia

November 16, 1831 – Death of Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, wife of Franz Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now in Bavaria, Germany; buried in a mausoleum in the Coburg Court Garden
Augusta was the grandmother of both Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. In 1777, she married Franz Friedrich Anton, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. The couple had nine children including Prince Albert’s father and Franz Friedrich Anton’s successor Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Queen Victoria’s mother Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Victoria and Albert’s uncle Leopold, the future first King of the Belgians. Augusta may have been the first person to suggest a marriage between two of her grandchildren. In 1821, in a letter to her daughter Victoria, Duchess of Kent, she suggested the possibility of marriage between Victoria and Albert who were only two years old at the time. Augusta did not live long enough to see her grandchildren Victoria and Albert married. She died at the age of 74, five months after the election of her son Leopold as King of the Belgians.
Unofficial Royalty: Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

November 16, 1836 – Birth of Kalākaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands, born David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua, in the grass hut compound of his maternal grandfather at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii now in the state of Hawaii

Unofficial Royalty: Kalākaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands

November 16, 1852 – Birth of Friedrich August II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Oldenburg, Duchy of Oldenburg, now in Lower Saxony, Germany
Friedrich August was the last Grand Duke of Oldenburg, abdicating on November 11, 1918. In 1878, he married Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia, and the couple had one surviving daughter. After his first wife died in 1895, Friedrich August, needing a male heir and a mother for his surviving daughter, married Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. They had five children. Friedrich August became Grand Duke of Oldenburg upon his father’s death in 1900. After his abdication, Friedrich August retired to Schloss Rastede where he took up farming. Claiming an “extremely precarious” financial situation, he petitioned the Oldenburg government for an annual allowance the year after his abdication.
Unofficial Royalty: Friedrich August II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg

November 16, 1878 – Death of Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, at Neues Palais, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, now in Hesse, Germany; buried at Mausoleum of Rosenhöhe in Darmstadt
Princess Marie, known as May, was the youngest child of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom and Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.  At the beginning of November 1878, diphtheria began to make its rounds in the Grand Ducal Family. Princess Marie fell ill on November 12, 1878, and sadly was the only one of the children not to recover, dying at the age of four. May’s death devastated her brother Ernst Ludwig. It was their mother Alice’s efforts to console him, with a hug and kiss, which led to her contracting the illness and passing away less than a month later.
Unofficial Royalty: Marie of Hesse and by Rhine

November 16, 1907 – Death of Roberto I, Duke of Parma in Viareggio, Italy; buried at the Chapel of the Villa Borbone in Viareggio, Italy
Roberto I was the last Duke of Parma. As a not-quite-six-year-old, he succeeded his father who was assassinated, and then lost his throne five years later due to the Italian unification movement. Despite losing his throne, Roberto and his family had considerable wealth and traveled in a private train of more than a dozen cars and had several residences. Roberto is known for having 24 children, 12 from each of his two marriages. Among his children are Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma who married Ferdinand I, Prince of Bulgaria (later Tsar), Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma who married Karl I, the last Emperor of Austria, and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma who married Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg.
Unofficial Royalty: Roberto I, Duke of Parma

November 16, 1937 – Deaths of the Hesse and by Rhine Grand Ducal Family in an airplane crash near Ostend, Belgium; buried at Rosenhohe in Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
On November 16, 1937, Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus; his mother Eleonore, Dowager Grand Duchess; his wife Hereditary Grand Duchess Cecilie (the former Cecilie of Greece, sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh), and their sons Ludwig and Alexander boarded a flight for London to attend the wedding of Georg Donatus’s brother Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine and The Honorable Margaret Geddes. Tragically, they all died in an airplane crash near Ostend, Belgium.
Unofficial Royalty: Deaths of the Grand Ducal Family of Hesse and by Rhine
Unofficial Royalty: Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
Unofficial Royalty: Cecilie of Greece, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
Unofficial Royalty: Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine

November 16, 1939 – Death of Prince Enrico of Bourbon-Parma, Titular Duke of Parma at the Villa Borbone in Viareggio, Kingdom of Italy; buried in the chapel at the Villa Borbone in Viareggio, Italy
Prince Enrico of Bourbon-Parma was the titular Duke of Parma from 1907 until his death in 1939. As he was mentally disabled, his younger brother Elia served as regent.
Unofficial Royalty: Prince Enrico of Bourbon-Parma, Titular Duke of Parma

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